[The prevalence of mutations underlying development of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Kazan].

Background: One of the reasons for the decrease of eradication effectiveness is its resistance to antibiotics.

Aim: To examine the prevalence of point mutations responsible for clarithromycin and levofloxacin resistance among the patients with upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract disorders in Kazan.

Materials And Methods: The study included 203 patients with symptoms of dyspepsia who underwent upper GI endoscopy at the University Hospital of Kazan Federal University (Kazan, Russia) in 2019-2021.

Spirulina/Arthrospira/Limnospira-Three Names of the Single Organism.

Recent advances in research techniques have enabled rapid progress in the study of spirulina, an ancient edible cyanobacteria. Nowadays, spirulina species are classified into three genera: , , and . The latter now refers to industrially manufactured spirulina strains.

The Freshwater Cyanobacterium PCC 7942 Does Not Require an Active External Carbonic Anhydrase.

Under standard laboratory conditions, PCC 7942 lacks EcaA, a periplasmic carbonic anhydrase (CA). In this study, a transformant was created that expressed the homologous EcaA from sp. ATCC 51142.

Preventive Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy by Vestibular Approach in 6-Year-Old Patient with the High-Risk RET C634R Germline Mutation.

Aggressiveness and age of manifestation of medullary thyroid cancer depend on the risk level of germline RET mutations. For high-risk mutations, preventive thyroidectomy is recommended at young age. In recent years, endoscopic operations for thyroid cancer were introduced in clinical practice.

PARG1 and EXA1 genes as possible components of the facultative epigenetic control of plant development.

Plants are able to adjust their developmental program in response to incremental environmental changes by reprogramming the epigenomes of the cells. This process, known as facultative epigenetic developmental control, underlies plant developmental plasticity and the amazing diversity of morphotypes, which arises from the changes in cell fates. How plants determine when epigenome reprogramming should occur is largely unclear.