The anterior cingulate cortex directs exploration of alternative strategies.

The ability to adjust one's behavioral strategy in complex environments is at the core of cognition. Doing so efficiently requires monitoring the reliability of the ongoing strategy and, when appropriate, switching away from it to evaluate alternatives. Studies in humans and non-human primates have uncovered signals in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) that reflect the pressure to switch away from the ongoing strategy, whereas other ACC signals relate to the pursuit of alternatives.

[The rehabilitation of patients with acute polymorphic psychotic disorder].

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program in patients with acute polymorphic psychotic disorder.

Material And Methods: The study included 128 patients in remission. The rehabilitation program was administered to 75 patients with acute polymorphic psychotic disorder.

Atom Probe Tomography Interlaboratory Study on Clustering Analysis in Experimental Data Using the Maximum Separation Distance Approach.

We summarize the findings from an interlaboratory study conducted between ten international research groups and investigate the use of the commonly used maximum separation distance and local concentration thresholding methods for solute clustering quantification. The study objectives are: to bring clarity to the range of applicability of the methods; identify existing and/or needed modifications; and interpretation of past published data. Participants collected experimental data from a proton-irradiated 304 stainless steel and analyzed Cu-rich and Ni-Si rich clusters.

Expanding the Optogenetics Toolkit by Topological Inversion of Rhodopsins.

Targeted manipulation of activity in specific populations of neurons is important for investigating the neural circuit basis of behavior. Optogenetic approaches using light-sensitive microbial rhodopsins have permitted manipulations to reach a level of temporal precision that is enabling functional circuit dissection. As demand for more precise perturbations to serve specific experimental goals increases, a palette of opsins with diverse selectivity, kinetics, and spectral properties will be needed.

Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 analogs in combination with insulin on myocardial infarct size in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aim: To evaluate the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs (GLP-1a) combined with insulin on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats.

Methods: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in male Wistar rats with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) and verified using an oral glucose tolerance test. After anesthesia, the left coronary artery was occluded for 40 min followed by 80 min reperfusion.