Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine in America and Overseas: A Narrative Review.

This narrative review examines the role of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in global tuberculosis (TB) control efforts, with particular emphasis on the differences in vaccination policies between countries, such as the US, where routine BCG administration is not practiced. A significant complication of the BCG vaccine is false positive results in the tuberculin skin test (TST), often leading to misdiagnoses and unnecessary treatments. To address these issues, interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) have emerged as a more specific diagnostic tool that reduces false positives associated with prior BCG vaccination.

Patient-Reported Outcomes Following Periacetabular Osteotomy versus Hip Arthroscopy for Borderline Acetabular Dysplasia Are Comparable: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review was to compare patient populations and outcomes in studies treating borderline hip dysplasia (BHD) with either hip arthroscopy or periacetabular osteotomy (PAO). We hypothesized that studies would show significant postoperative improvement following both PAO and arthroscopy for BHD, and that subjects undergoing arthroscopy would have a higher rate of Cam morphology.

Methods: A literature review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted to identify studies published after 2014 that reported patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) following hip arthroscopy or PAO for BHD.

induced trained immunity in macrophages confers heterologous protection against gram-negative bacterial infection.

can induce trained immunity in murine macrophages offering protection against repeat exposure during skin infection. Here we demonstrate that exposure can result in non-specific trained immunity in humans and mice, enhancing macrophage responsiveness and bacterial clearance in a heterologous challenge. In humans, the enhanced macrophage responsiveness was accompanied by metabolic changes and histone modification.

Association of neighborhood social vulnerability with ovarian cancer survival.

Objective: Social determinants of health (SDOH) impact cancer outcomes. The CDC Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) integrates scores for four neighborhood-based SDOH domains (socioeconomic status, household characteristics, minority status, and housing type/transportation) to assess neighborhood social vulnerability (NSV). While NSV has been associated with overall cancer mortality and lung, breast, colon, and endometrial cancer-specific mortality, the relationship between NSV as defined by the SVI and ovarian cancer outcomes remains unknown.

A landscape review to identify what matters to patients with thrombotic cardiovascular diseases and patient-reported outcome instruments which can be used to capture the patient experience.

Purpose: Thrombotic cardiovascular diseases profoundly impact patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments that are disease-specific or antithrombotic-treatment focused, developed according to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance on PROs, and can be used in clinical trials, are lacking. The aim of this study was to understand concepts important to patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atrial fibrillation (AF), or stroke who require antithrombotic treatment for reducing risk of future thrombotic events (indications being evaluated for an investigational new drug), identify PROs that measure relevant symptoms and impacts, and determine acceptability of PROs from a health technology assessment (HTA) perspective.