Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: a half-century historical perspective.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has evolved significantly over fifty years into a powerful analytical technique. This review aims to achieve five main goals. (1) Providing a comprehensive history of SERS's discovery, its experimental and theoretical foundations, its connections to advances in nanoscience and plasmonics, and highlighting collective contributions of key pioneers.

Physiological response to low-nitrogen stress and comprehensive evaluation in four rice varieties.

Rice ( L.) research has rarely focused on the response to low-nitrogen stress in different subtypes previously and lacked a low-nitrogen tolerance evaluation system. Here, we investigated the physiological characteristics under moderate and low-nitrogen stress conditions in two cultivars (NG46 and NG9108) and two cultivars (LYP9 and 9311).

Cancer cells restrict immunogenicity of retrotransposon expression via distinct mechanisms.

To thrive, cancer cells must navigate acute inflammatory signaling accompanying oncogenic transformation, such as via overexpression of repeat elements. We examined the relationship between immunostimulatory repeat expression, tumor evolution, and the tumor-immune microenvironment. Integration of multimodal data from a cohort of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients revealed expression of specific Alu repeats predicted to form double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) and trigger retinoic-acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like-receptor (RLR)-associated type-I interferon (IFN) signaling.

Developments, challenges and prospects in thermal-hydraulic research on accident tolerant fuel.

Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF) is a next-generation fuel technology developed to enhance the fundamental safety of light water reactors. Compared to existing standard fuel technologies, ATF technology can provide the same or better performance during normal operation, transient conditions, and accident scenarios of nuclear power plants, enhancing the ability of fuel elements to withstand severe accidents while reducing the cost of generating electricity over the licensed life of the plants. This paper introduces the definition, characteristics and thermal-hydraulic research objectives of ATF technology, systematically reviews the thermal-hydraulic research results of different ATF technologies in various aspects from the perspectives of near-term concepts (UO-based composite fuels, coated Zr-based claddings, FeCrAl claddings) and long-term concepts (high-uranium-density UN fuels, FCM fuels, extruded metal fuels, SiC/SiC claddings), respectively.