A thermal stressor, propranolol and long-term memory formation in freshly collected Lymnaea.

A heat stressor (1 h at 30°C) in Lymnaea stagnalis before operant conditioning training of aerial respiration is sufficient to enhance long-term memory (LTM) formation in 'average' cognitive ability, laboratory-reared, inbred snails. However, in freshly collected outbred snails, the same heat stressor blocks LTM formation in 'smart' cognitive phenotype but not in average cognitive phenotype strains. Here, we hypothesize that (1) preventing the stress associated with the heat stressor before training allows LTM to form in the smart phenotype strains; and (2) alleviating the stress before a memory recall session allows a formed LTM to be recalled in the smart phenotype strains.

Stress before training alters memory retrieval of a non-declarative memory in .

Stress alters both memory formation and its retrieval. Here, we show that a combination of stressors before an associative learning event alters memory retrieval of a non-declarative memory in an invertebrate model system. Previously, two combinations of stressors were purported to prevent long-term memory (LTM) formation in 'smart' and this inability to form LTM was considered to be a cost of being smart.

Shell damage leads to enhanced memory formation in .

Ecologically relevant stressors alter the ability of the pond snail, , to form long-term memory (LTM). Here, we show that an environmentally relevant stressor, shell damage, has a dramatic effect on the enhancement of LTM formation. Damage in the form of a shell clip 24 h before operant conditioning training resulted in long-term memory (LTM) formation following a single 0.

Configural learning: a higher form of learning in .

Events typically occur in a specific context and the ability to assign importance to this occurrence plays a significant role in memory formation and recall. When the scent of a crayfish predator (CE) is encountered in strains known to be predator experienced (e.g.

Green tea and cocoa enhance cognition in .

A flavonoid, (-)-epicatechi (Epi), enhances long-term memory (LTM) formation in and reverses memory obstruction caused by stress. Many foods contain substantial amounts of Epi, (e.g.