Checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have revolutionized cancer therapy across many indications including urothelial carcinoma (UC). Because many patients do not benefit, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying response and resistance is needed to improve outcomes. We profiled tumors from 2,803 UC patients from four late-stage randomized clinical trials evaluating the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), a targeted DNA panel, immunohistochemistry, and digital pathology.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVarious stressors contribute to veterinary students' stress levels. According to the medical education literature, students' stress seems to increase during clinical training, but research investigating this in veterinary students is scarce. According to transactional stress theory, individual students may not perceive every stressor as equally stressful.
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