Safety and Efficacy of a 48-Month Efinaconazole 10% Solution Treatment/Maintenance Regimen: 24-Month Daily Use Followed by 24-Month Intermittent Use.

Background/objectives: In an 18- to 24-month Treatment Phase with once-daily efinaconazole 10% solution, subjects with onychomycosis showed an increased rate of cure at Month 24 versus the phase III trials. In order to further improve efficacy, we initiated an extended intermittent efinaconazole Maintenance Phase with use 2-3 times weekly for an additional 24 months from Month 24 to Month 48. These are the first data presented for a 48-month efinaconazole use period.

Associations between social behaviour and proinflammatory immune activation are modulated by age in a free-ranging primate population.

The effect of the social environment on the proinflammatory immune response may mediate the relationship between social environment and fitness but remains understudied outside captive animals and human populations. Age can also influence both immune function and social behaviour, and hence may modulate their relationships. This study investigates the role of social interactions in driving the concentrations of two urinary markers of proinflammatory immune activation, neopterin and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), in a free-ranging population of rhesus macaques, .

Using cationic liposomes as carriers for long dsRNA to trigger an antiviral response in rainbow trout cell lines.

Long dsRNA induces the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to establish an antiviral state. When induced prophylactically, this antiviral state can reduce the severity and mortality of viral infections. One of the limiting factors in delivering dsRNA in animal models is the lack of an effective carrier that protects the dsRNA from degradation in the extracellular space.