Unequal Effects of Wildfire Exposure on Infant Health by Maternal Education, 1995-2020.

Using National Vital Statistics Birth and Fetal Death Data 1995-2020 linked to county-level information on wildfires, we use variation in wildfire timing to examine how effects of wildfire exposure on infant health vary by maternal education. Results indicate that wildfire exposure increases the likelihood of low birth weight and fetal death, but effects vary by both trimester and maternal education. Mediation analyses suggest the variation by maternal education reflects selective survival and unequal sensitivity, rather than differential parental response to wildfires.

Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter WASP-43b.

Hot Jupiters are among the best-studied exoplanets, but it is still poorly understood how their chemical composition and cloud properties vary with longitude. Theoretical models predict that clouds may condense on the nightside and that molecular abundances can be driven out of equilibrium by zonal winds. Here we report a phase-resolved emission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-43b measured from 5 μm to 12 μm with the JWST's Mid-Infrared Instrument.

A high internal heat flux and large core in a warm Neptune exoplanet.

Interactions between exoplanetary atmospheres and internal properties have long been proposed to be drivers of the inflation mechanisms of gaseous planets and apparent atmospheric chemical disequilibrium conditions. However, transmission spectra of exoplanets have been limited in their ability to observationally confirm these theories owing to the limited wavelength coverage of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and inferences of single molecules, mostly HO (ref. ).

Methane throughout the atmosphere of the warm exoplanet WASP-80b.

The abundances of main carbon- and oxygen-bearing gases in the atmospheres of giant exoplanets provide insights into atmospheric chemistry and planet formation processes. Thermochemistry suggests that methane (CH) should be the dominant carbon-bearing species below about 1,000 K over a range of plausible atmospheric compositions; this is the case for the solar system planets and has been confirmed in the atmospheres of brown dwarfs and self-luminous, directly imaged exoplanets. However, CH has not yet been definitively detected with space-based spectroscopy in the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet, but a few detections have been made with ground-based, high-resolution transit spectroscopy including a tentative detection for WASP-80b (ref.