Expression of immune checkpoint on subset of monocytes in old patients.

Background: Immune checkpoints and their ligands are important actors of lymphocytes and monocytes activation's regulation. Their expression level within T cells changes with aging. Despite the major impact of aging on monocytes, there is no data about the expression of ICs on monocytes from old patients.

The immunological effects of intradermal particle-based vaccine delivery using a novel microinjection needle studied in a human skin explant model.

For intradermal (ID) immunisation, novel needle-based delivery systems have been proposed as a better alternative to the Mantoux method. However, the penetration depth of needles in the human skin and its effect on immune cells residing in the different layers of the skin has not been analyzed. A novel and user-friendly silicon microinjection needle (Bella-mu) has been developed, which allows for a perpendicular injection due to its short needle length (1.

Mechanisms of innate events during skin reaction following intradermal injection of seasonal influenza vaccine.

The skin plays a crucial role in host defences against microbial attack and the innate cells must provide the immune system with sufficient information to organize these defences. This unique feature makes the skin a promising site for vaccine administration. Although cellular innate immune events during vaccination have been widely studied, initial events remain poorly understood.