Experimentally induced active and quiet sleep engage non-overlapping transcriptional programs in .

Sleep in mammals can be broadly classified into two different physiological categories: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep (SWS), and accordingly REM and SWS are thought to achieve a different set of functions. The fruit fly is increasingly being used as a model to understand sleep functions, although it remains unclear if the fly brain also engages in different kinds of sleep as well. Here, we compare two commonly used approaches for studying sleep experimentally in : optogenetic activation of sleep-promoting neurons and provision of a sleep-promoting drug, gaboxadol.

Experimentally induced active and quiet sleep engage non-overlapping transcriptional programs in .

Sleep in mammals can be broadly classified into two different physiological categories: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS), and accordingly REM and SWS are thought to achieve a different set of functions. The fruit fly is increasingly being used as a model to understand sleep functions, although it remains unclear if the fly brain also engages in different kinds of sleep as well. Here, we compare two commonly used approaches for studying sleep experimentally in : optogenetic activation of sleep-promoting neurons and provision of a sleep-promoting drug, Gaboxadol.

A Paradoxical Kind of Sleep in Drosophila melanogaster.

The dynamic nature of sleep in many animals suggests distinct stages that serve different functions. Genetic sleep induction methods in animal models provide a powerful way to disambiguate these stages and functions, although behavioral methods alone are insufficient to accurately identify what kind of sleep is being engaged. In Drosophila, activation of the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) promotes sleep, but it remains unclear what kind of sleep this is, how the rest of the fly brain is behaving, or if any specific sleep functions are being achieved.

A2B2-type push-pull porphyrins as reverse saturable and saturable absorbers.

A(2)B(2)-type push-pull porphyrins with a strong intramolecular dipole moment have been prepared via Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions as novel materials for use in nonlinear optics (NLO); they display saturable (SA) and reverse saturable absorption (RSA) properties at 532 nm and their nonlinear optical response is characterized by RSA occurring at lower intensity levels whereas the onset of SA prevails at higher levels.

Dispersion of the third-order nonlinear optical properties of an organometallic dendrimer(1).

The dispersion of cubic nonlinearity in the organometallic dendrimer 1,3,5-(3,5-{trans-[(dppe)2(4-O2NC6H4CC)RuCC]}2C6H3CCC6H4-4-CC)3C6H3 can be understood in terms of an interplay of two-photon absorption and absorption saturation. Simple dispersion relations reproduce the behavior of both the real and imaginary components of the hyperpolarizability.