Recommendations for the Safe Application of Temporal Interference Stimulation in the Human Brain Part II: Biophysics, Dosimetry, and Safety Recommendations.

Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a new form of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) that has been proposed as a method for targeted, noninvasive stimulation of deep brain structures. While TIS holds promise for a variety of clinical and nonclinical applications, little data is yet available regarding its effects in humans and its mechanisms of action. To inform the design and safe conduct of experiments involving TIS, researchers require quantitative guidance regarding safe exposure limits and other safety considerations.

The Radiologic Evaluation and Clinical Significance of Glenohumeral Bone Loss in Anterior Shoulder Instability.

Glenoid and humeral bone loss is associated with a high incidence of recurrent shoulder instability and failure of arthroscopic stabilization procedures. However, the radiographic evaluation of bony Bankart and Hill-Sachs injuries continues to pose a diagnostic challenge, and a universally accepted optimal method of measurement is lacking. The purpose of this review is to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques and imaging modalities available for measuring glenoid bone loss in shoulder instability, including conventional roentgenography, 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Non-invasive Temporal Interference Stimulation of the Hippocampus Suppresses Epileptic Biomarkers in Patients with Epilepsy: Biophysical Differences between Kilohertz and Amplitude Modulated Stimulation.

Medication refractory focal epilepsy creates a significant challenge, with approximately 30% of patients ineligible for surgery due to the involvement of eloquent cortex in the epileptogenic network. For such patients with limited surgical options, electrical neuromodulation represents a promising alternative therapy. In this study, we investigate the potential of non-invasive temporal interference (TI) electrical stimulation to reduce epileptic biomarkers in patients with epilepsy by comparing intracerebral recordings obtained before, during, and after TI stimulation, to recordings during low and high kHz frequency (HF) sham stimulation.

Generics and Quantified Generalizations: Asymmetry Effects and Strategic Communicators.

Generic statements ('Tigers have stripes') are pervasive and developmentally early-emerging modes of generalization with a distinctive linguistic profile. Previous experimental work suggests that generics display a unique asymmetry between the prevalence levels required to accept them and the prevalence levels typically implied by their use. This asymmetry effect is thought to have serious social consequences: if speakers use socially problematic generics based on prevalence levels that are systematically lower than what is typically inferred by their recipients, then using generics will likely exacerbate social stereotypes and biases.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Graft Options.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is one of the most common orthopaedic sports medicine surgeries. Its prevalence in the sports medicine sphere is matched by the numerous options of different techniques. Chief among these is graft selection, which most commonly falls into 1 of 4 options: bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft, hamstring tendon autograft (HT), quadriceps tendon autograft, and allografts.