Advanced TiO-Based Photocatalytic Systems for Water Splitting: Comprehensive Review from Fundamentals to Manufacturing.

The global imperative for clean energy solutions has positioned photocatalytic water splitting as a promising pathway for sustainable hydrogen production. This review comprehensively analyzes recent advances in TiO-based photocatalytic systems, focusing on materials engineering, water source effects, and scale-up strategies. We recognize the advancements in nanoscale architectural design, the engineered heterojunction of catalysts, and cocatalyst integration, which have significantly enhanced photocatalytic efficiency.