Recombination landscape and karyotypic variations revealed by linkage mapping in the grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola.

Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, is a biotrophic oomycete engaged in a tight coevolutionary relationship with its host. Rapid adaptation of the pathogen is favored by annual sexual reproduction that generates genotypic diversity. With the aim of studying the recombination landscape across the P.

Phonemic processing is below expectations and linked to word-finding difficulty in multiple sclerosis.

Background: Word-finding difficulty is prevalent but poorly understood in persons with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).

Objective: The objective was to investigate our hypothesis that phonological processing ability is below expectations and related to word-finding difficulty in patients with RRMS.

Method: Data were analyzed from patients with RRMS ( = 50) on patient-reported word-finding difficulty (PR-WFD) and objective performance on Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Fourth Edition (WIAT-4) Phonemic Proficiency (PP; analysis of phonemes within words), Word Reading (WR; proxy of premorbid literacy and verbal ability), and Sentence Repetition (SR; auditory processing of word-level information).

The effects of simulated gastroesophageal reflux on infant pig oropharyngeal feeding physiology.

The neural connectivity among the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus is a critical component of infant feeding physiology. Central integration of oral and pharyngeal afferents alters motor outputs to structures that power swallowing, but the potential effects of esophageal afferents on preesophageal feeding physiology are unclear. These effects may explain the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in infants suffering from gastroesophageal reflux (GER), though the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unknown.

In-person and remote administrations of the symbol digit modalities test are interchangeable among persons with multiple sclerosis.

Background: Remote administration of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) requires validation.

Objectives: Examine interchangeability of remote and in-person SDMT administrations in persons with MS.

Methods: After in-person baseline administration, follow-up administration was either performed in-person (n = 72) or remotely via videoconferencing (n = 143).