Cohort profile: the potentially preventable burden of community-acquired pneumonia in South African adults in the era of widespread PCV13 immunisation and antiretroviral therapy roll-out, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic - the multicentre, multimethod PotPrev Study.

Purpose: In the setting of an established childhood pneumococcal vaccination programme with immediate initiation and treatment of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV (PLWH), the risk of adult pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is not recently described. We aimed to investigate CAP incidence, recurrence, mortality, risk factors and microbiology before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Participants: Adults aged ≥18 years were enrolled in three South African provinces from March 2019 to October 2021, with a brief halt during the initial COVID-19 lockdown.

Is a Consensus Case Definition for Viral Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Disease (LRTD) in Clinical Trials Possible?

Lower respiratory tract illness or disease (LRTI/LRTD) represents a significant source of morbidity and mortality following viral respiratory illnesses, yet a consensus definition for this outcome is lacking. Recent studies of novel vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) for older adults used LRTI/LRTD as the primary outcome to assess vaccine efficacy. However, the different vaccine trials have used highly variable criteria to define this outcome, leading to difficulty in comparison of vaccine efficacy results between trials.

Estimated Vaccine Effectiveness for Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Lower Respiratory Tract Disease.

Importance: Clinical trials have demonstrated high vaccine efficacy (VE) against lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) but enrolled a smaller proportion of persons aged 75 years or older and those with comorbidities than seen in highest-risk populations in clinical practice settings. Additionally, VE against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits is not yet fully described.

Objective: To estimate Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F (RSVpreF) effectiveness in older adults.

Hospitalization Following Outpatient Diagnosis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adults.

Importance: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections among adults and is estimated to cause approximately 159 000 hospitalizations among adults aged 65 years and older in the US each year. Estimates of hospitalization among adults with outpatient medically attended RSV (MA-RSV) infections are required to design interventional studies that aim to prevent hospitalization.

Objective: To assess absolute risk of 28-day, all-cause hospitalization following outpatient MA-RSV infections in adults.