Effects of food or sleep deprivation during civilian survival training on clinical chemistry variables.

Objective: To describe clinical chemistry and weight changes after short-term food or sleep deprivation or multiple deprivations during civilian survival training.

Methods: Data from one baseline-controlled two-period crossover study designed to compare sleep deprivation for up to 50 hours with food deprivation for up to 66 hours (n = 12) and data from regular multiple-deprivations survival training comparing participants (n = 33) with nondeprived instructors (n = 10).

Results: Food deprivation was associated with decreased body weight, blood glucose, serum triglycerides, sodium, chloride, and urine pH, and there were increases in blood and urine ketones and serum free fatty acids.

Effect of probenecid and quinidine on the transport of alovudine (3'-fluorothymidine) to the rat brain studied by microdialysis.

Microdialysis was used to sample extracellular unbound concentrations of alovudine in order to study the influence of well-known transport inhibitors (probenecid and quinidine) on the transport of alovudine between the blood and the brain extracellular fluid or whole brain tissue. The AUC (area under the time versus concentration curve) ratio brain extracellular fluid/serum was 0.17+/-0.

Neoglycolipid conjugates of foscarnet with enhanced antiviral activity in cells infected with human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1.

The synthesis of a series of neoglycolipid conjugates of foscarnet as potential drug targeting forms or lipophilic prodrugs of foscarnet is described. The compounds were obtained from suitably protected neoglycolipids, in which the lipid chain consisted of 12 to 20 carbon atoms, by ethoxycarbonylphosphonylation at the 6-hydroxyl or 4-hydroxyl group followed by deprotection. The in vitro antiviral activity of the compounds was determined in human foetal lung cells infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) or herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).

Study of the adjuvant activity of new MDP derivatives and purified saponins and their influence on HIV-1 replication in vitro.

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), eight new lipophilic MDP derivatives (MDPs) and three purified saponins were evaluated for their ability to induce immune responses in mice immunized with HIV-1 envelope protein rgp160 and for their ability to influence the HIV-1 replication in vitro. Three of nine new synthetic MDP derivatives (beta-butyl-MDP, MTPO-26 and beta-cholesteryl-MDP) and one saponin (Taurosid I) have been shown to induce strong humoral immune responses to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins rgp160 and rgp120. Three substances (beta-butyl-MDP, MDP-cholyl and beta-G27-MDP) induced high levels of T-cell stimulation to HIV-1 rgp160.

Pharmacokinetics and extracellular distribution to blood, brain, and muscle of alovudine (3'-fluorothymidine) and zidovudine in the rat studied by microdialysis.

Microdialysis was applied to sample the free drug concentration in the extracellular fluid in brain, muscle, and blood of rats given alovudine (n = 6) (3'-fluorothymidine) or zidovudine (n = 5) (25 mg/kg s.c.).