Generalization of Contextual Fear in Humans.

Enhanced fear responses to cues, which were not associated with the threat but share perceptual characteristics with the threat signal, indicate generalization of conditioned fear. Here, we investigated for the first time generalization processes in contextual fear conditioning. Thirty-two participants were guided through two virtual offices (acquisition phases).

[Study of the antireflux action of the Roux-en-Y jejunal loop in reconstruction after gastrectomy and nutritional status in the follow-up].

The Roux-en-Y recostruction after total or subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer is frequently performed to prevent esophageal alkaline reflux. Also after total gastrectomy and end-to-side gastrojejunal anastomosis, as usual in former experience, the alkaline reflux can be efficaciously treated by conversion in an esophago-jejunal Roux-en-Y procedure. The main factor preventing reflux is the length of jejunal loop, at least of 35-40 cm.

[Adrenal incidentaloma: a dopamine-secreting pheochromocytoma with an atypical clinical picture. A case report and review of the literature].

Introduction: The increasing and consolidated uses of US and CT scan in the diagnosis of abdominal diseases has improved the detection of adrenal asymptomatic masses. Current literature points out that these nodules are identified by 1:100 abdominal CT every year. On the other hand, about 50% of the adrenal tumors are discovered by autopsy.

[Diagnostic and oncologic updating on gallbladder papilloma. Personal experience and review of the literature].

After a correct definition of the pathologic meaning of "papilloma of gallbladder" and the considerations about the main epidemiologic, pathogenetic and diagnostic guidelines, the authors discuss the meaning of the apparent higher frequency of this pathology in the biliary tract than in the gallbladder localization. This condition probably derives from the precocious appearance of pain or jaundice during choledocal pathology respects to the asymptomatic gallbladder localization. Moreover, using morphological indicators of intracholecistic ultrasonography, the gallbladder's polypoid lesions are divided in group s and for each of the m are indicate d most/actual curative criteria.

[Epidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid].

About thyroid neoplasms the epidermoidal carcinoma represents an ingrown minority (0.3-0.74%).