Quantifying functional connectivity: experimental assessment of boundary permeability for the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita).

Like other pond-breeding amphibians, the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) typically presents a patchy distribution. Because the species experiences high probabilities of local population extinction, its persistence within landscapes relies on both local and landscape-scale processes [dispersal allowing the (re)colonization of habitat patches]. However, the structure and composition of the matrix surrounding local populations can alter the dispersal rates between populations.

Transdermal delivery of fentanyl by electroporation. I. Influence of electrical factors.

Purpose: Electroporation, a method of reversibly permeabilizing lipid bilayers by the application of an electric pulse, has been shown to induce increased transdermal passage of molecules. The aim of the present report was to study in vitro with hairless rat skin the potential of electroporation for transdermal delivery of fentanyl.

Results: The application of electric pulses can strongly promote transdermal delivery of fentanyl compared to passive diffusion through untreated skin.