Update on Autoimmune Pancreatitis and IgG4-Related Disease.

Autoimmune pancreatitis is an increasingly recognized inflammatory type of subacute pancreatitis; two subtypes of autoimmune pancreatitis have been identified so far: the "lymphoplasmacytic" type 1 variant and the "neutrophilic" type 2 variant. Type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis represents the most common manifestation of IgG4-related disease, a fibro-inflammatory disorder characterized by elevated IgG4 levels in the serum and affected tissues. Type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis is a pancreas-specific disorder that frequently occurs in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Identifying sex similarities and differences in structure and function of the sinoatrial node in the mouse heart.

Background: The sinoatrial node (SN) generates the heart rate (HR). Its spontaneous activity is regulated by a complex interplay between the modulation by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and intrinsic factors including ion channels in SN cells. However, the systemic and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms are still poorly understood.

IgG4 in the gut: Gastrointestinal IgG4-related disease or a new subtype of inflammatory bowel disease.

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by tissue infiltration with IgG4-positive plasma cells, leading to fibrosis and organ dysfunction. While primarily affecting the pancreas, bile ducts, and salivary glands, IgG4-RD can also involve the gastrointestinal tract, raising questions about its relationship with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent studies suggest that patients with IBD may exhibit histological and serological features consistent with IgG4-RD, such as a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, a storiform-type of fibrosis and a prominent IgG4 immune response.

Economic Evaluation of Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec from Italian NHS Perspective.

Background: Icodec, once-weekly basal insulin, aims to simplify therapy management by reducing injection frequency for diabetic patients. The efficacy and safety of icodec were evaluated in the ONWARDS clinical development program. This study evaluates icodec economic and quality of life impact from the Italian National Healthcare System (NHS) perspective.