Acetylation-Dependent Compaction of the Histone H4 Tail Ensemble.

Acetylation of the histone H4 tail (H4Kac) has been established as a significant regulator of chromatin architecture and accessibility; however, the molecular mechanisms that underlie these observations remain elusive. Here, we characterize the ensemble features of the histone H4 tail and determine how they change following acetylation on specific sets of lysine residues. Our comprehensive account is enabled by a robust combination of experimental and computational biophysical methods that converge on molecular details including conformer size, intramolecular contacts, and secondary structure propensity.

Real-life effects of pharmacological osteoporosis treatments on bone mineral density by quantitative computed tomography.

Introduction: Monitoring of bone mineral density (BMD) is used to assess pharmacological osteoporosis therapy. This study examined the real-life effects of antiresorptive and osteoanabolic treatments on volumetric BMD (vBMD) of the spine by quantitative computed tomography (QCT).

Materials And Methods: Patients aged ≥ 50 years with a vBMD < 120 mg/ml had ≥ 2 QCT.

Mixed representations of choice direction and outcome by GABA/glutamate cotransmitting neurons in the entopeduncular nucleus.

The basal ganglia (BG) are an evolutionarily conserved and phylogenetically old set of sub-cortical nuclei that guide action selection, evaluation, and reinforcement. The entopeduncular nucleus (EP) is a major BG output nucleus that contains a population of GABA/glutamate cotransmitting neurons (EP ) that specifically target the lateral habenula (LHb) and whose function in behavior remains mysterious. Here we use a probabilistic switching task that requires an animal to maintain flexible relationships between action selection and evaluation to examine when and how GABA/glutamate cotransmitting neurons contribute to behavior.

Topical Solution for Retinal Delivery: Bevacizumab and Ranibizumab Eye Drops in Anti-Aggregation Formula (AAF) in Rabbits.

Purpose: Wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a blinding retinal disease. Monthly intravitreal anti-VEGF antibody injections of bevacizumab (off-label) and ranibizumab (FDA approved) are the standard of care. Antibody aggregation may interfere with ocular absorption/distribution.