A Challenging Knowledge Gap: Estimating Modes of HIV Acquisition Among Adolescents Entering HIV Care During Adolescence.

Characterizing HIV acquisition modes among adolescents with HIV (AHIV) enrolling in care during adolescence is a challenging gap that impacts differential interventions. We explored whether primary data collection with targeted questionnaires may address this gap and improve understanding of risk factors and perceptions about adolescents' HIV acquisition, in Kenyan AHIV entering care at ≥10 years, and their mothers with HIV (MHIV). Clinical data were derived through chart review.

Yield gap in milk production is considerable in Indian Himalayan state of Meghalaya.

Yield gaps in milk production are here defined as the differentials between the actual yield obtained by the dairy farmer and the potential farm yield (production achieved by the top 10% of farmers: Gap 2) as well as the differential between this potential farm yield and the yield registered in the research stations (Gap 1). Assessment of yield gaps provides valuable information on potential production enhancement and drivers behind yield gaps. Milk production can be increased by narrowing the predominant large yield gaps in resource-poor smallholder farming system.

Hypoxia-inducible factors in CD4 T cells promote metabolism, switch cytokine secretion, and T cell help in humoral immunity.

T cell help in humoral immunity includes interactions of B cells with activated extrafollicular CD4 and follicular T helper (Tfh) cells. Each can promote antibody responses but Tfh cells play critical roles during germinal center (GC) reactions. After restimulation of their antigen receptor (TCR) by B cells, helper T cells act on B cells via CD40 ligand and secreted cytokines that guide Ig class switching.

HIV-1 second-line failure and drug resistance at high-level and low-level viremia in Western Kenya.

Objective: Characterize failure and resistance above and below guidelines-recommended 1000 copies/ml virologic threshold, upon second-line failure.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: Kenyan adults on lopinavir/ritonavir-based second-line were enrolled at AMPATH (Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare).

Gp41 and Gag amino acids linked to HIV-1 protease inhibitor-based second-line failure in HIV-1 subtype A from Western Kenya.

Introduction: Failure of protease-inhibitor (PI)-based second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) with medication adherence but no protease drug resistance mutations (DRMs) is not well understood. This study investigated the involvement of gp41 and gag as alternative mechanisms, not captured by conventional resistance testing and particularly relevant in resource-limited settings where third-line ART is limited.

Methods: We evaluated gp41 and gag for unique amino acids in seven subtype A infected Kenyans failing second-line therapy with no PI resistance yet detectable lopinavir (query dataset), compared to seven similar-setting patients with PI resistance or undetectable lopinavir and 69 publically available subtype A Kenyan whole-genomes sequences.