The effect of flow rate and agitation technique on irrigant extrusion ex vivo.

Aim: To evaluate (i) the effect of irrigant flow rate, needle type, needle insertion depth and apical constriction diameter and (ii) the effect of ultrasonic, sonic and manual dynamic agitation on irrigant extrusion using a recently introduced method.

Methodology: Thirty-two human teeth with a straight root canal were prepared to size 35, 0.06 taper and assigned to group A or B.

Formation and removal of apical vapor lock during syringe irrigation: a combined experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics approach.

Aim: (i) To evaluate the effect of needle type and insertion depth, root canal size and irrigant flow rate on the entrapment of air bubbles in the apical part of a root canal (apical vapor lock) during syringe irrigation using experiments and a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, (ii) to investigate whether the irrigant contact angle affects bubble entrapment, (iii) to examine if an established vapor lock can be removed by syringe irrigation.

Methodology: Bubble entrapment during irrigation of straight artificial root canals of size 35 or 50 was evaluated by real-time visualizations. The irrigant was delivered by a closed-ended or an open-ended needle positioned at 1 or 3 mm short of working length (WL) and at a flow rate of 0.

Effect of needle insertion depth and root canal curvature on irrigant extrusion ex vivo.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of needle type and insertion depth, apical preparation size, and root canal curvature on irrigant extrusion by using a recently introduced method.

Methods: Sixteen human teeth with a straight root canal (group A) and 16 with a moderately curved root canal (group B) were sequentially prepared to sizes 25 or 35, .06 taper and mounted on a plastic vial filled with distilled water to simulate a periapical lesion.

A new method for real-time quantification of irrigant extrusion during root canal irrigation ex vivo.

Aim: (i) To introduce a new method of quantifying extruded irrigant during root canal irrigation ex vivo. (ii) to evaluate the effect of periapical tissue simulation and pressure equalization and (iii) to determine the effect of needle type, apical preparation size and apical constriction diameter on irrigant extrusion.

Methodology: Sixteen human single-rooted teeth were sequentially prepared to sizes 25-45, 0.

The effect of needle-insertion depth on the irrigant flow in the root canal: evaluation using an unsteady computational fluid dynamics model.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of needle-insertion depth on the irrigant flow inside a prepared root canal during final irrigation with a syringe and two different needle types using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model.

Methods: A validated CFD model was used to simulate irrigant flow from either a side-vented or an open-ended flat 30-G needle positioned inside a prepared root canal (45 .06) at 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 mm short of the working length (WL).