The 9-phenyl-9-fluorenyl group for nitrogen protection in enantiospecific synthesis.

One of the biggest challenges in asymmetric synthesis is to prevent racemization of enantiopure starting materials. However, at least some of the enantiopurity is lost in most of the existing reactions used in synthetic organic chemistry. This translates into unnecessary material losses.

The lead, cadmium and mercury concentrations in muscle, liver and kidney from Finnish pigs and cattle during 1987-1988.

The lead, cadmium and mercury concentrations in muscle, liver and kidney from Finnish pigs and cattle were determined. The average wet weight lead concentrations in pig muscle, liver and kidney were 15 micrograms/kg, 38 micrograms/kg and 40 micrograms/kg, respectively. The corresponding concentrations for cattle were 13 micrograms/kg, 57 micrograms/kg and 110 micrograms/kg.

Investigation on trichothecene-stimulated lipid peroxidation and toxic effects of trichothecenes in animals.

Three experiments were performed with mice intoxicated with trichothecene-contamined feed or directly into the stomach. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by the TBA value from liver samples, but since such a test seldom provided reliable results, lipid hydroperoxides and total carbonyl were also analyzed. The formation of aldehydes and ketones was compared in vivo and in vitro.

Occurrence of Trichothecenes in feed and cereals in Finland.

In 1985 82 samples of feed and food grain were analyzed for trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NV), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and fusarenon-X (F-X). Trichothecenes were found in 77 of these samples. The highest amounts were DON 6300 ug/kg and DAS 1680 ug/kg.