Do ticks exhibit repeatable individual behaviors?

Diseases caused by ticks are often addressed as a traditional epidemiological mathematical puzzle, i.e., how many identical infected vectors, how many uniform potential hosts, and a dependable rate of transmission, etc.

Effects of ginseng saponin on acute cocaine-induced alterations in evoked dopamine release and uptake in rat brain nucleus accumbens.

In traditional medicine, Panax ginseng has been used to treat various behavioral effects of psychostimulants (e.g., cocaine) and other drugs of abuse and to ameliorate withdrawal symptoms.

Deprenyl treatment attenuates long-term pre- and post-synaptic changes evoked by chronic methamphetamine.

Deprenyl, used clinically in Parkinson's disease, has multiple pharmacological effects which make it a good candidate to treat neurotoxicity. Thus, we investigated deprenyl's ability to attenuate methamphetamine-induced dopamine neurotoxicity. We also examined deprenyl's effect in changing markers associated with psychostimulant sensitization.

Reduction in methamphetamine induced sensitization and reinstatement after combined pergolide plus ondansetron treatment during withdrawal.

We have previously found the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron to be useful in reducing cocaine self-administration and cocaine induced sensitization in rats when given during cocaine withdrawal. More recently we have found the combination of the dopamine agonist pergolide plus ondansetron, 3.5 h later, to reverse cocaine sensitization and associated changes in NMDA and AMPA receptors.

Reversal of cocaine sensitization-induced behavioral sensitization normalizes GAD67 and GABAA receptor alpha2 subunit expression, and PKC zeta activity.

We have recently shown in rats that cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization can be reversed by a 5-day treatment with ondansetron given 3.5 h after daily pergolide injections. In this study we further investigated the molecular/neurochemical alterations underlying cocaine sensitization and pergolide/ondansetron-mediated reversal.