Evolution of growth strategy in alligators and caimans informed by osteohistology of the late Eocene early-diverging alligatoroid crocodylian Diplocynodon hantoniensis.

Among living crocodylians, alligatoroids exhibit a wide range of body sizes and a biogeographic distribution that spans tropical-to-subtropical climates. The fossil record of alligatoroids, however, reveals even greater diversity, including multiple examples of gigantism and a broader distribution that extends into polar latitudes. Osteohistological studies on extant alligatoroids show that living alligators and caimans both exhibit seasonal growth, with roughly comparable growth rates.

Osteohistological signal from the smallest known phytosaur femur reveals slow growth and new insights into the evolution of growth in Archosauria.

Fossils of embryonic and hatchling individuals can provide invaluable insight into the evolution of prenatal morphologies, heterochronies, and allometric trajectories within Archosauria but are exceptionally rare in the Triassic fossil record, obscuring a critical aspect of archosaurian biology during their evolutionary origins. Microvertebrate sampling at a single bonebed in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation within Petrified Forest National Park has yielded diminutive archosauriform femora (PEFO 45274, PEFO 45199) with estimated and measured femoral lengths of ~31 mm and ~ 37 mm, respectively. These new specimens provide the unique opportunity to assess the preservation, body size, and growth dynamics of skeletally immature archosauriforms in North America and compare the growth dynamics of archosauromorphs within an evolutionary and ontogenetic context.

Water and chloride as allosteric inhibitors in WNK kinase osmosensing.

Osmotic stress and chloride regulate the autophosphorylation and activity of the WNK1 and WNK3 kinase domains. The kinase domain of unphosphorylated WNK1 (uWNK1) is an asymmetric dimer possessing water molecules conserved in multiple uWNK1 crystal structures. Conserved waters are present in two networks, referred to here as conserved water networks 1 and 2 (CWN1 and CWN2).

Sexual and gender minority content in undergraduate medical education in the United States and Canada: current state and changes since 2011.

Purpose: To characterize current lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI +) health-related undergraduate medical education (UME) curricular content and associated changes since a 2011 study and to determine the frequency and extent of institutional instruction in 17 LGBTQI + health-related topics, strategies for increasing LGBTQI + health-related content, and faculty development opportunities.

Method: Deans of medical education (or equivalent) at 214 allopathic or osteopathic medical schools in Canada and the United States were invited to complete a 36-question, Web-based questionnaire between June 2021 and September 2022. The main outcome measured was reported hours of LGBTQI + health-related curricular content.