The evolution of cephalic fins in manta rays and their relatives: functional evidence for initiation of domain splitting and modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway in the pectoral fin AER of the little skate.

Background: Batoids possess a unique body plan associated with a benthic lifestyle that includes dorsoventral compression and anteriorly expanded pectoral fins that fuse to the rostrum. The family Myliobatidae, including manta rays and their relatives, exhibit further modifications associated with invasion of the pelagic environment, and the evolution of underwater flight. Notably, the pectoral fins are split into two domains with independent functions that are optimized for feeding and oscillatory locomotion.

AC Plasmas Directly Excited in Liquid-Phase Hydrocarbons for H and Unsaturated C Hydrocarbon Production.

AC plasmas directly excited within liquid hydrocarbons were investigated for the production of hydrogen and unsaturated C hydrocarbon in a recirculating liquid "jet" flow configuration. Arc discharges were excited at two different frequencies (60 Hz and 17.3 kHz) in C-C hydrocarbons (hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, and xylene) to produce H, CH, CH, and CH, along with liquid and solid carbon byproducts.

Infectivity and Immunogenicity of Live-Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed Uninfected Children.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory illness among young children. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed, uninfected (HEU) children experience a higher burden of RSV disease and have immune abnormalities that may influence their responses to live-attenuated RSV vaccines.

Methods: In a pooled analysis of clinical trials of 7 live-attenuated, intranasal RSV vaccines conducted by the IMPAACT Network among children 6 to <25 months of age with serum RSV-neutralizing titers of <1:40, the infectivity and immunogenicity of these vaccines were compared among HEU and HIV-unexposed, uninfected (HUU) children.

Rehabilitation after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a survey of members of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.

Background: Surgeons disagree about whether patients should undertake home physical therapy (HPT) or formal physical therapy (FPT) after undergoing reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA). Recent studies suggest that HPT is as effective as FPT, but surgeons who perform rTSA may believe that FPT continues to have a role. Our primary purpose was to describe the opinions and self-reported practices of surgeons who perform rTSA regarding prescribing physical therapy (PT) after surgery.

Increased revision rates in shoulder arthroplasty following shoulder arthroscopy.

Introduction: Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse TSA (rTSA) are successful treatments for end-stage shoulder arthritis. However, it is unknown whether prior arthroscopy is associated with an increased risk for revision surgery. This study investigates if undergoing a shoulder arthroscopy in the year prior to primary arthroplasty increases risk of revision surgery within 2 years.