Exacerbation of virulence of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli O104:H4 by subinhibitory concentrations of ampicillin.

Little is known about how subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics to which bacteria are resistant affect bacterial virulence. In this study, the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of ampicillin on the virulence of E. coli O104:H4 was analyzed.

Redox cycling of quinones reduced by ascorbic acid.

In aqueous solutions containing ascorbic acid and O, many quinones undergo reduction to the semiquinone followed by reoxidation. This redox cycling mediates the oxidation of ascorbic acid and the reduction of O to superoxide and ultimately hydrogen peroxide. For that reason, redox cycling has attracted attention as a source of reactive oxygen species.

Gender Typicality, Pressure to Conform to Gender Norms, and Anti-Fat and Appearance Stereotypes in Girls.

This mixed-methods study investigated the relation among gender identity (i.e., self-perceived gender similarity to girls and boys; self-perceived parental and peer pressure to conform to gender norms) and stereotyping about weight (i.

Manganese-stimulated redox cycling of dopamine derivatives: Implications for manganism.

Manganism, the condition caused by chronic exposure to high levels of manganese, selectively targets the dopamine-rich basal ganglia causing a movement disorder with symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease. While the basis for this specific targeting is unknown, we hypothesize that it may involve complexation of Mn by dopamine derivatives. At micromolar concentrations, MnCl accelerates the two-equivalent redox cycling of a dopamine-derived benzothiazine (dopathiazine) by an order of magnitude.