Trace element levels in adult patients with proteinuria.

Aim: Trace elements are involved in many metabolic processes. They circulate prevalently bound to protein. In literature few studies deal with metal metabolism in adult patients with proteinuria, so we decided to further investigate metal metabolism in proteinuric patients.

Italian translation, cultural adaptation and validation of KDQOL-SF, version 1.3, in patients with severe renal failure.

Background: This study aims to confirm the reliability and validity of the KDQOL-SF in its Italian version. Cultural adaptation of such an instrument to assess quality of life of patients with chronic kidney disease is a major challenge.

Methods: The instrument was translated according to the translation algorithm.