Does Homeostatic Sleep Pressure Buildup Explain Objective Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Adults With ADHD? An Exploratory Study.

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is central in Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but its causes remain unclear. The aim of this study was to explore objective EDS and homeostatic sleep pressure buildup, evaluated by power theta-alpha frequency (PTAF), in drug-free sleepy adults with ADHD and controls. Participants were placed during a 36-h period of extended wakefulness under constant routine protocol to strictly control sleep time, sleep duration, and circadian zeitgebers.

Nasal Functions in Three-Dimensional Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery.

Objectives: Endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery has become the standard procedure for the majority of skull base diseases, including sellar, parasellar, and clival pathologies. The aim of this study was the objective evaluation of nasal airflow resistances and olfactory function in 3-dimensional (3D) endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery.

Methods: One hundred patients who underwent 3D transnasal endoscopic surgery for sellar, parasellar, and clival diseases were enrolled.

Molecular insights into the possible role of Kir4.1 and Kir5.1 in thyroid hormone biosynthesis.

Introduction: Thyroid morphogenesis is a complex process. Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) genes play a role in hormone release, cell excitability, pH and K(+) homeostasis in many tissues.

Objectives: To investigate the thyroid developmental expression of three members, Kir4.

Single-dose pharmacokinetic properties of esomeprazole in children aged 1 - 11 years with endoscopically proven GERD: a randomized, open-label study.

Objective: To assess the overall exposure after a single dose of esomeprazole in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Materials: Oral esomeprazole administered as an intact capsule with 30 - 180 mL of water, or as an opened capsule mixed with as much as 1 tablespoon of applesauce followed by 30 - 180 mL of water.

Methods: In this randomized, open-label study of children aged 1 - 11 years with endoscopically proven GERD, patients weighing 8 - < 20 kg were randomized to a single 5- or 10-mg oral dose of esomeprazole, and patients weighing >= 20 kg were randomized to a single 10- or 20-mg oral dose of esomeprazole.

Extreme phenotypic variability of thyroid dysgenesis in six new cases of congenital hypothyroidism due to PAX8 gene loss-of-function mutations.

Context: Within the last two decades, heterozygous loss-of-function PAX8 mutations have been reported in patients with a wide degree of thyroid gland dysfunction and growth despite the presence of identical mutations.

Objectives: To search for PAX8 mutations in a cohort of patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and various types of thyroid gland defects.

Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a cohort of patients.