TGF-β ligand cross-subfamily interactions in the response of Caenorhabditis elegans to a bacterial pathogen.

The Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) family consists of numerous secreted peptide growth factors that play significant roles in cell function, tissue patterning, and organismal homeostasis, including wound repair and immunity. Typically studied as homodimers, these ligands have the potential to diversify their functions through ligand interactions that may enhance, repress, or generate novel functions. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, there are only five TGF-β ligands, providing an opportunity to dissect ligand interactions in fewer combinations than in vertebrates.

Monitoring of bivalve mollusk harvesting areas: the relevance of spp.

The microbiological monitoring of bivalve mollusk harvesting areas in the Marche region is based on the parameters of and spp. However, Regulation EU/2019/627 stated criteria based on only to determine the health status of these areas. Therefore, the reason for spp.

BMP signaling to pharyngeal muscle in the response to a bacterial pathogen regulates anti-microbial peptide expression and pharyngeal pumping.

Host response to pathogens recruits multiple tissues in part through conserved cell signaling pathways. In , the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) like DBL-1 signaling pathway has a role in the response to infection in addition to other roles in development and postdevelopmental functions. In the regulation of body size, the DBL-1 pathway acts through cell autonomous signal activation in the epidermis (hypodermis).

Sample size planning and the statistical significance of official controls by sampling.

Acceptance sampling is important for food safety and is a relevant tool at production and official control levels, as it helps decision-making processes and verifies quality and food safety management. Generally, sampling plans are hypothesis tests of products that have been submitted for official appraisal and subsequent acceptance or rejection. The sample size is related to the set level of risk, the acceptable precision, and the tolerable misstatement size; therefore, sample size determination has a crucial role in setting up the accepted level of non-compliance and level of error.

TGF-β Ligand Cross-Subfamily Interactions in the Response of to Bacterial Pathogens.

The Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) family consists of numerous secreted peptide growth factors that play significant roles in cell function, tissue patterning, and organismal homeostasis, including wound repair and immunity. Typically studied as homodimers, these ligands have the potential to diversify their functions through ligand interactions that are synergistic, cooperative, additive, and/or antagonistic. In the nematode , there are only five TGF-β ligands, providing an opportunity to dissect ligand interactions in fewer combinations than in vertebrates.