Population structure and ongoing microevolution of the emerging multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium ST213.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ST213 is an emergent multidrug-resistant sequence type associated with the food chain, and gastrointestinal and invasive infections in North America. Here, we applied genomic and phenotypic analyses to illustrate the diversity and evolution of sequence type ST213. The population structure and evolutionary history of ST213 strains, particularly the North American isolates (NA-ST213) distinguish them from other S.

The LeuO regulator and quiescence: About transcriptional roadblocks, multiple promoters, and crispr-cas.

LeuO is a LysR-type transcriptional regulator in bacteria. It determines the regulation of numerous genes related to stress response and virulence. Thus, four exciting areas of research are discussed herein.

The human bile salt sodium deoxycholate induces metabolic and cell envelope changes in Typhi leading to bile resistance.

serovar Typhi (. Typhi) is the etiological agent of typhoid fever. To establish an infection in the human host, this pathogen must survive the presence of bile salts in the gut and gallbladder.

The . Typhi gene contains multiple functional promoters.

The . Typhi gene, which codes for the LysR-type transcriptional regulator LeuO, contains five forward promoters named P3, P1, P2, P5 and P4, and two reverse promoters, P6 and P7. The activity of the forward promoters was revealed by primer extension using gene reporter fusions in an .

The CRISPR-Cas System Is Involved in OmpR Genetic Regulation for Outer Membrane Protein Synthesis in Typhi.

The CRISPR-Cas cluster is found in many prokaryotic genomes including those of the Enterobacteriaceae family. serovar Typhi (. Typhi) harbors a Type I-E CRISPR-Cas locus composed of , , , , , , , , and a CRISPR1 array.