'Suffering for the Sins of Others': Lucius D. Bulkley, , and Disease Destigmatisation in the Progressive Era United States.

Historical research on efforts to reduce the stigma associated with venereal disease (VD) generally dates these campaigns back to the 1930s. Within the United States, one of the earliest attempts to detach VD from its traditional association with sexual immorality occurred during the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century, when the New York City dermatologist Lucius Bulkley coined the term ('syphilis of the innocent') in the hopes of demonstrating that many of those who contracted this disease did so through non-sexual contact. Gaining widespread acceptance within the medical community, Bulkley's ideas served as the intellectual foundation for a discursive assault on the prevailing belief that syphilis constituted the 'wages of sin'-one designed to destigmatise the disease and to promote more scientific responses to it.

Fraud detection in healthcare claims using machine learning: A systematic review.

Objective: Identifying fraud in healthcare programs is crucial, as an estimated 3%-10% of the total healthcare expenditures are lost to fraudulent activities. This study presents a systematic literature review of machine learning techniques applied to fraud detection in health insurance claims. We aim to analyze the data and methodologies documented in the literature over the past two decades, providing insights into research challenges and opportunities.

A Comprehensive Review of Topography and Axon Counts in Upper-Extremity Peripheral Nerves: A Guide for Neurotization.

Purpose: Currently, no comprehensive database detailing topography and axon counts exists. This study aims to review the axon counts and topography of the major peripheral motor nerves of the upper extremity to allow for optimal surgical planning for peripheral nerve reconstruction via neurotization.

Methods: Peer-reviewed journal articles were identified through PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and CENTRAL.

An uncommon cause of penetrating brain injury: two cases of nail gun injuries. Illustrative cases.

Background: Low-velocity penetrating brain injury (PBI) is an uncommon variant of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Patients affected by PBI can present with highly variable injury patterns, which, along with guideline-directed TBI care, may require the employment of unique operative management strategies. There are no strict guidelines for the management of low-velocity penetrating injuries.