Litter in French urban areas-part 1: composition, sources, and spatio-temporal variations on urban surfaces.

Urban areas concentrate on human activities that generate large amounts of waste. A small fraction is mismanaged and ends up on urban surfaces and eventually in waterways. The fraction reaching waterways is usually estimated using poorly constrained data, while litter density on urban surfaces and its subsequent transfer dynamics are also poorly documented.

Litter in French urban areas - Part 2: transport dynamic and fluxes in stormwater.

Urban areas constitute a major hotspot of litter, including plastic litter, that stormwater can wash off towards waterways. However, few studies quantified and characterized litter densities in urban areas and fluxes transported by stormwater networks. Moreover, little information is available on litter transport dynamics in stormwater, and on the factors driving this transport.

Does the urologist keep a central place in the medical information delivered to patients?

Introduction: Although urologists play an essential role in informing patients, with the ever-increasing use of modern media, a wealth of information sources is now available. The aim of this study was to identify the different sources of information available to urology patients, assess the scale of use of the internet and social networks in this group, and establish the profile of patients for whom a high level of information is crucial.

Materials: A questionnaire was given to 500 patients consulting the urology department of a university hospital.

Correlation between Contrast Sensitivity and Modulation Transfer Functions.

Significance: Previous studies found no correlation between visual acuity and optical quality in a population of young subjects with good vision. Using sinusoidal gratings, we systematically investigate the correlation between contrast sensitivity and optical quality as a function of spatial frequency.

Purpose: This study describes the correlation between the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and the modulation transfer function (MTF) in a sample of young and informed subjects.