Myonuclear and satellite cell content of the vastus lateralis and soleus with 70 days of simulated microgravity and the NASA SPRINT exercise program.

We previously observed a range of whole muscle and individual slow and fast myofiber size responses (mean: +4 to -24%) in quadriceps (vastus lateralis) and triceps surae (soleus) muscles of individuals undergoing 70 days of simulated microgravity with or without the NASA SPRINT exercise countermeasures program. The purpose of the current investigation was to further explore, in these same individuals, the content of myonuclei and satellite cells, both of which are key regulators of skeletal muscle mass. Individuals completed 6° head-down-tilt bedrest (BR, = 9), bedrest with resistance and aerobic exercise (BRE, = 9), or bedrest with resistance and aerobic exercise and low-dose testosterone (BRE + T, = 8).

Widespread adaptive evolution in angiosperm photosystems provides insight into the evolution of photosystem II repair.

Oxygenic photosynthesis generates the initial energy source that fuels nearly all life on Earth. At the heart of the process are the photosystems, which are pigment binding multiprotein complexes that catalyze the first step of photochemical conversion of light energy into chemical energy. Here, we investigate the molecular evolution of the plastid-encoded photosystem subunits at single-residue resolution across 773 angiosperm species.

Improving Sensitivity and Longevity of In Vivo Glutamate Sensors with Electrodeposited NanoPt.

In vivo glutamate sensing has provided valuable insight into the physiology and pathology of the brain. Electrochemical glutamate biosensors, constructed by cross-linking glutamate oxidase onto an electrode and oxidizing HO as a proxy for glutamate, are the gold standard for in vivo glutamate measurements for many applications. While glutamate sensors have been employed ubiquitously for acute measurements, there are almost no reports of long-term, chronic glutamate sensing in vivo, despite demonstrations of glutamate sensors lasting for weeks in vitro.

Long-term effects of once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 21-year follow-up of the UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening randomised controlled trial.

Background: Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening reduces colorectal cancer incidence and mortality; however, uncertainty exists about the duration of protection and differences by sex and age. We assessed effects of once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening after 21 years' follow-up.

Methods: The UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening Trial is a multicentre randomised controlled trial that recruited men and women aged 55-64 years from general practices serving 14 hospitals.