Timeless noncoding DNA contains cell-type preferential enhancers important for proper Drosophila circadian regulation.

To address the contribution of transcriptional regulation to clock gene expression and to behavior, we generated a series of CRISPR-mediated deletions within two regions of the circadian gene (), an intronic E-box region and an upstream E-box region that are both recognized by the key transcription factor Clock (Clk) and its heterodimeric partner Cycle. The upstream deletions but not an intronic deletion dramatically impact expression in fly heads; the biggest upstream deletion reduces peak RNA levels and RNA cycling amplitude to about 15% of normal, and there are similar effects on protein (TIM). The cycling amplitude of other clock genes is also strongly reduced, in these cases due to increases in trough levels.

Spatial patterning controls neuron numbers in the Drosophila visual system.

Neurons must be made in the correct proportions to communicate with the appropriate synaptic partners and form functional circuits. In the Drosophila visual system, multiple subtypes of distal medulla (Dm) inhibitory interneurons are made in distinct, reproducible numbers-from 5 to 800 per optic lobe. These neurons are born from a crescent-shaped neuroepithelium called the outer proliferation center (OPC), which can be subdivided into specific domains based on transcription factor and growth factor expression.

Dynamic peripheral nerve stimulation can produce cortical activation similar to punctate mechanical stimuli.

During contact, phasic and tonic responses provide feedback that is used for task performance and perceptual processes. These disparate temporal dynamics are carried in peripheral nerves, and produce overlapping signals in cortex. Using longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes inserted into the median nerve of a nonhuman primate, we delivered composite stimulation consisting of onset and release bursts to capture rapidly adapting responses and sustained stochastic stimulation to capture the ongoing response of slowly adapting receptors.

Prospective pre-operative 3-T MR neurography peripheral nerve mapping of upper extremity amputations implanted with FAST-LIFE electrode interfaces of robotic hands: technical report.

Background And Purpose: Fascicular targeting of longitudinal intrafascicular electrode (FAST-LIFE) interface enables hand dexterity with exogenous electrical microstimulation for sensory restoration, custom neural recording hardware, and deep learning-based artificial intelligence for motor intent decoding. The purpose of this technical report from a prospective pilot study was to illustrate magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) mapping of hand and nerve anatomy in amputees and incremental value of MRN over electrophysiology findings in pre-surgical planning of FAST-LIFE interface (robotic hand) patients.

Materials And Methods: After obtaining informed consent, patients with upper extremity amputations underwent pre-operative 3-T MRN, X-rays, and electrophysiology.

Artificial Intelligence Enables Real-Time and Intuitive Control of Prostheses via Nerve Interface.

Objective: The next generation prosthetic hand that moves and feels like a real hand requires a robust neural interconnection between the human minds and machines.

Methods: Here we present a neuroprosthetic system to demonstrate that principle by employing an artificial intelligence (AI) agent to translate the amputee's movement intent through a peripheral nerve interface. The AI agent is designed based on the recurrent neural network (RNN) and could simultaneously decode six degree-of-freedom (DOF) from multichannel nerve data in real-time.