Advocating a need for suitable breeding approaches to boost integrated pest management: a European perspective.

Currently, European farmers do not have access to sufficient numbers and diversity of crop species/varieties. This prevents them from designing cropping systems more resilient to abiotic and biotic stresses. Crop diversification is a key lever to reduce pest (pathogens, animal pests and weeds) pressures at all spatial levels from fields to landscapes.

Proteinaceous toxins of Stagonospora nodorum, the causal agent of triticale leaf and glume blotch.

S. nodorum is an economically important necrotrophic pathogen of cereals and grasses worldwide. In past several years appeared in literature quite a number of reports on existence of proteinaceous effectors produced by the fungus which induce necrosis in cereal host tissue.

Natural field infections of wheat and triticale by fungi from the complex of fungi Stagonospora nodorum/Septoria tritici under climatic conditions of Poland.

Stagonospora nodorum and Septoria tritici are classified as necrotrophic fungi that cause glume and leaf blotch and speckled leaf blotch of cereals and grasses worldwide. Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB) and Septoria tritici blotch (STB) occur quite often in complexes and are classified among the most destructive diseases to their hosts, what also was found in the present study. The intensity of diseases caused on wheat and triticale in Poland is associated with weather and environmental conditions.

Triticale biotic stresses--an overview.

Triticale has been considered as resistant to diseases over a long time. Although, many authors perpetuate this opinion, it is no longer true. However, in comparison to wheat and rye triticale still may look as a healthy crop, but its healthiness has been steadily declining.

Diversity of the trifunctional histidine biosynthesis gene (his) in cereal Phaeosphaeria species.

Phaeosphaeria species are important causal agents of Stagonospora leaf blotch diseases in cereals. In this study, the nucleotide sequence and deduced polypeptide of the trifunctional histidine biosynthesis gene (his) are used to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and provide molecular identification among cereal Phaeosphaeria species. The full-length sequences of the his gene were obtained by PCR amplification and compared among cereal Phaeosphaeria species.