Assessment of PM using satellite lidar observations: Effect of bio-mass burning emissions over India.

The present study estimates the particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM) over the Indian sub-continent using near-surface retrieval of aerosol extinction coefficient (2007-2021) of Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) onboard Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite. Climatology of wintertime PM during the last 15 years shows the highest concentration over the middle Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and northwest India with a 3 to 4 fold increase in magnitude compared to the peninsular India.

Microphysical Features of Rain and Rain events during different Seasons over a Tropical Mountain location using an Optical Disdrometer.

In the present study, seven-year-long observations of rain microphysical properties are presented using a ground-based disdrometer located at Braemore; a site on the windward slope of the Western Ghats (WG) over the Indian Peninsula. The annual cycle of rainfall shows a bimodal distribution with a primary peak during summer monsoon and secondary peak during pre-monsoon. Pre-monsoon rain events are less in number but are with high intensity and characterize large raindrops and low number concentration.