Iatrogenic opioid withdrawal syndromes in adults in intensive care units: a narrative review.

Background And Objective: In hospitalized patients, opiates are essential analgesics and sedatives used in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. However, the iatrogenic opioid withdrawal syndrome (IOWS) in ICU patients has been poorly characterized, and there are no well accepted, standardized diagnostic tools for hospitalized adults. This review analyzed recent clinical studies to determine the frequency, characteristics, and treatment of IOWS in critically ill adults.

Melatonin: Translation of Ongoing Studies Into Possible Therapeutic Applications Outside Sleep Disorders.

Purpose: Melatonin, a natural hormone mainly synthesized by the pineal gland, is regulated by circadian rhythm. Synthetic melatonin is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for any indication. However, melatonin receptor agonists such as ramelteon and tasimelteon are US Food and Drug Administration approved and are considered by the American Academy of Family Physicians for the treatment of insomnia.

Melatonin for the Early Treatment of COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Possible Efficacy.

Objective: To discuss the use of melatonin as an early treatment option on the first day of diagnosis for COVID-19.

Methods: Medical Subject Headings terms "COVID-19" and "viral diseases" were manually searched on PubMed, and relevant articles were included.

Results: The results showed that melatonin acts to reduce reactive oxygen species-mediated damage, cytokine-induced inflammation, and lymphopenia in viral diseases similar to COVID-19.