Metformin as adjuvant treatment in hepatitis C virus infections and associated complications.

Hepatitis C virus is an important global cause of hepatitis and subsequently cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These infections may also cause extrahepatic manifestations, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These two complications can potentially reduce sustained virologic responses (SVR) in some drug regimens for this infection.

Metformin has immunomodulatory effects which support its potential use as adjunctive therapy in tuberculosis.

Metformin is the preferred oral medication for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and this blood glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing drug has immunomodulatory effects that could contribute to the management of patients with various other autoimmune and infectious diseases. Tuberculosis is one such infection, and it remains prevalent worldwide, largely due to the successful evasion of the host's immune responses by the infecting pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This review focuses on the possible mechanisms relevant to metformin's modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its potential use as an adjunctive drug in the treatment of tuberculosis.

Clinical Characteristics of Hospital Follow-up for Patients Hospitalized from SARS CoV-2 (COVID 19) in an Academic Outpatient Internal Medicine Clinic.

Background: As of July 2022, there have been more than 91.3 million cases of COVID-19 and nearly 1.03 million deaths in the United States alone.

Iatrogenic opioid withdrawal syndromes in adults in intensive care units: a narrative review.

Background And Objective: In hospitalized patients, opiates are essential analgesics and sedatives used in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. However, the iatrogenic opioid withdrawal syndrome (IOWS) in ICU patients has been poorly characterized, and there are no well accepted, standardized diagnostic tools for hospitalized adults. This review analyzed recent clinical studies to determine the frequency, characteristics, and treatment of IOWS in critically ill adults.

The effect of metformin on glucose metabolism in patients receiving glucocorticoids.

Glucocorticoids have powerful anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, but chronic use of these drugs can cause hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hepatic steatosis, obesity, and other complications due to their metabolic actions. Metformin is a widely used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a known ability to lower blood glucose levels. This review focuses on metformin's actions on glucose metabolism and its potential use as a drug to limit the metabolic side effects of glucocorticoid treatment.

Melatonin: Translation of Ongoing Studies Into Possible Therapeutic Applications Outside Sleep Disorders.

Purpose: Melatonin, a natural hormone mainly synthesized by the pineal gland, is regulated by circadian rhythm. Synthetic melatonin is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for any indication. However, melatonin receptor agonists such as ramelteon and tasimelteon are US Food and Drug Administration approved and are considered by the American Academy of Family Physicians for the treatment of insomnia.

Melatonin for the Early Treatment of COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Possible Efficacy.

Objective: To discuss the use of melatonin as an early treatment option on the first day of diagnosis for COVID-19.

Methods: Medical Subject Headings terms "COVID-19" and "viral diseases" were manually searched on PubMed, and relevant articles were included.

Results: The results showed that melatonin acts to reduce reactive oxygen species-mediated damage, cytokine-induced inflammation, and lymphopenia in viral diseases similar to COVID-19.