Diphallia: literature review and proposed surgical classification system.

Background: Diphallia occurs once in 5-6 million births, with no two patients presenting with the same anatomical variation. Here we discuss a review of diphallia case reports, as well as present a new surgical classification system based on the soft tissue composition of the two phalluses, the anatomy of the urethra present within the most normal phallus and the bladder configuration.

Methods: Eighty-seven diphallia case reports were collected and analysed, excluding those presented in animals and articles that were non-English, with the results compiled to provide an in-depth reference of the specific anatomy found in diphallia patients and the associated abnormalities.

Effects of Pharmacological Inhibitors of NADPH Oxidase on Myogenic Contractility and Evoked Vasoactive Responses in Rat Resistance Arteries.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, are reported to contribute to the dynamic regulation of contractility in various arterial preparations, however, the situation in pressurized, myogenically active resistance arteries is much less clear. In the present study, we have utilized established pharmacological inhibitors of NADPH oxidase activity to examine the potential contribution of ROS to intrinsic myogenic contractility in adult Sprague-Dawley rat resistance arteries and responses to vasoactive agents acting the endothelium (i.e.

KCa channel activation normalizes endothelial function in Type 2 Diabetic resistance arteries by improving intracellular Ca mobilization.

Background: Endothelial dysfunction is an early pathogenic event in the progression of cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Endothelial KCa2.3 and KCa3.

SKA-31, an activator of Ca-activated K channels, improves cardiovascular function in aging.

Aging represents an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, and is associated with complex structural and functional alterations in the vasculature, such as endothelial dysfunction. Small- and intermediate-conductance, Ca-activated K channels (KCa2.3 and KCa3.

Pharmacological Targeting of KCa Channels to Improve Endothelial Function in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat.

Systemic hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and is often associated with endothelial dysfunction. KCa2.3 and KCa3.

The vascular endothelium: A regulator of arterial tone and interface for the immune system.

As the primary interface between the blood and various tissues of the body, the vascular endothelium exhibits a diverse range of roles and activities, all of which contribute to the overall health and function of the cardiovascular system. In this focused review, we discuss several key aspects of endothelial function, how this may be compromised and subsequent consequences. Specifically, we examine the dynamic regulation of arterial contractility and distribution of blood flow through the generation of chemical and electrical signaling events that impinge upon vascular smooth muscle.