Vaccines against extraintestinal pathogenic (ExPEC): progress and challenges.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a principal global health crisis projected to cause 10 million deaths annually worldwide by 2050. While the Gram-negative bacteria is commonly found as a commensal microbe in the human gut, some strains are dangerously pathogenic, contributing to the highest AMR-associated mortality. Strains of that can translocate from the gastrointestinal tract to distal sites, called extraintestinal (ExPEC), are particularly problematic and predominantly afflict women, the elderly, and immunocompromised populations.

Progress toward a vaccine for extraintestinal pathogenic (ExPEC) II: efficacy of a toxin-autotransporter dual antigen approach.

Extraintestinal pathogenic (ExPEC) is a leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality, the top cause of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections, and the most frequent cause of life-threatening sepsis and urinary tract infections (UTI) in adults. The development of an effective and universal vaccine is complicated by this pathogen's pan-genome, its ability to mix and match virulence factors and AMR genes via horizontal gene transfer, an inability to decipher commensal from pathogens, and its intimate association and co-evolution with mammals. Using a pan virulome analysis of >20,000 sequenced strains, we identified the secreted cytolysin α-hemolysin (HlyA) as a high priority target for vaccine exploration studies.

Broad protective vaccination against systemic Escherichia coli with autotransporter antigens.

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is the leading cause of adult life-threatening sepsis and urinary tract infections (UTI). The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) ExPEC strains result in a considerable amount of treatment failure and hospitalization costs, and contribute to the spread of drug resistance amongst the human microbiome. Thus, an effective vaccine against ExPEC would reduce morbidity and mortality and possibly decrease carriage in healthy or diseased populations.

DMOG Negatively Impacts Tissue Engineered Cartilage Development.

Objective: Articular cartilage exists in a hypoxic environment, which motivates the use of hypoxia-simulating chemical agents to improve matrix production in cartilage tissue engineering. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), a HIF-1α stabilizer, would improve matrix production in 3-dimensional (3D) porcine synovial-derived mesenchymal stem cell (SYN-MSC) co-culture with chondrocytes.

Design: Pellet cultures and scaffold-based engineered cartilage were grown to determine the impact of chemically simulated hypoxia on 2 types of 3D cell culture.