Single- and two-pollutant concentration-response functions for PM and NO for quantifying mortality burden in health impact assessments.

Objective: Health Impact Assessments (HIAs) for air pollutant mixtures are challenging because risk estimates are primarily derived from single-pollutant models. Combining risk estimates from multiple pollutants requires new approaches, as a simple addition of single pollutant risk estimates from correlated air pollutants may result in double counting. We investigated approaches applying concentration-response functions (CRFs) from single- and two-pollutant models in HIAs, focusing on long-term exposure to particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.

Commentary: A road map for future data-driven urban planning and environmental health research.

Recent advances in data science and urban environmental health research utilise large-scale databases (100s-1000s of cities) to explore the complex interplay of urban characteristics such as city form and size, climate, mobility, exposure, and environmental health impacts. Cities are still hotspots of air pollution and noise, suffer urban heat island effects and lack of green space, which leads to disease and mortality burdens preventable with better knowledge. Better understanding through harmonising and analysing data in large numbers of cities is essential to identifying the most effective means of disease prevention and understanding context dependencies important for policy.

Exploring the nexus of urban form, transport, environment and health in large-scale urban studies: A state-of-the-art scoping review.

Background: As the world becomes increasingly urbanised, there is recognition that public and planetary health relies upon a ubiquitous transition to sustainable cities. Disentanglement of the complex pathways of urban design, environmental exposures, and health, and the magnitude of these associations, remains a challenge. A state-of-the-art account of large-scale urban health studies is required to shape future research priorities and equity- and evidence-informed policies.

Metabolomic Analysis and Antiviral Screening of a Marine Algae Library Yield Jobosic Acid (2,5-Dimethyltetradecanoic Acid) as a Selective Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2.

Current small-molecule-based SARS-CoV-2 treatments have limited global accessibility and pose the risk of inducing viral resistance. Therefore, a marine algae and cyanobacteria extract library was screened for natural products that could inhibit two well-defined and validated COVID-19 drug targets, disruption of the spike protein/ACE-2 interaction and the main protease (M) of SARS-CoV-2. Following initial screening of 86 extracts, we performed an untargeted metabolomic analysis of 16 cyanobacterial extracts.

Clinical Practice Guidelines to Support Capacity Building in Orthopaedic Surgical Outreach: An International Consensus Building Approach.

Background: Surgical outreach to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by organizations from high- income countries is on the rise to help address the growing burden of conditions warranting surgery. However, concerns remain about the impact and sustainability of such outreach. Leading organizations (e.

The Relationship Between Preoperative International Normalized Ratio and Postoperative Major Bleeding in Total Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the relationship between preoperative international normalized ratio (INR) levels and major postoperative bleeding events after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA).

Methods: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for TSA from 2011 to 2020. A final cohort of 2405 patients with INR within 2 days of surgery were included.

Factors Associated With Episode of Care Adverse Events After Humerus Nonunion Repair.

Background: Humeral nonunions have devastating negative effects on patients' upper extremity function and health-related quality of life. The objective of this study was to identify factors independently associated with 30-day complication, hospital readmission, and reoperation after surgical treatment of humeral nonunions.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective case-control study was performed using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database by querying the codes for patients who underwent humeral nonunion repair from 2011 to 2020.

Estimating shadow prices in economies with multiple market failures.

Approaches to the estimation of shadow prices generally assume that all but one market function correctly. However, multiple market failures are common in developing countries. We present a theoretical model and an empirical strategy to estimate the shadow price of a subsistence good in an economy where labor markets fail.

Capacity Assessment Tool to Promote Capacity Building in Global Orthopaedic Surgical Outreach.

Background: A growing number of nongovernmental organizations from high-income countries aim to provide surgical outreach for patients in low- and middle-income countries in a manner that builds capacity. There remains, however, a paucity of measurable steps to benchmark and evaluate capacity-building efforts. Based on a framework for capacity building, the present study aimed to develop a Capacity Assessment Tool for orthopaedic surgery (CAT-os) that could be utilized to evaluate and promote capacity building.

What Is the Effect of Resident Involvement on Short-Term Outcomes after Distal Radius Fracture Surgery?

The objective of this study was to assess whether resident involvement in distal radius fracture open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) affect 30-day postoperative complication, hospital readmission, reoperation and operative time. A retrospective study was performed using the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database by querying the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for distal radius fracture ORIF from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2014. A final cohort of 5,693 adult patients who underwent distal radius fracture ORIF during the study period were included.

Current Requirements and Attitudes Toward Research: A Survey-Based Analysis of Orthopedic Surgery Programs.

Objective The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) guidelines require scholarly activity but do not specify what research-related activity is necessary to meet this requirement. The current components and opinions regarding research and its implementation that qualify as scholarly activity are unknown among US orthopedic surgery programs. We aimed to survey program directors of orthopedic surgery programs to evaluate and better understand the current state of research during training.

Increasing Diversity in Orthopaedics: The Problem, Strategies, and Solutions.

It is important to educate and equip the orthopaedic community with tools to address health care disparities and improve orthopaedic specialty recruitment for racial minorities. How patients and providers are affected by systemic racism in healthcare and what that means in orthopaedic surgery, methods to identify bias and improve access to orthopaedic care for racial minorities, and how to structure a program and department environment to encourage and promote diversity are important topics of discussion.

Characteristics and outcomes of patients who undergo fasciotomies for upper arm compartment syndrome.

Purpose: Describe the demographic, injury-related, treatment-related, and outcome-related characteristics of patients who undergo fasciotomies for acute upper arm compartment syndrome (ACS).

Methods: From January 1, 2006, to June 30, 2015, 438 patients with a diagnosis code of upper extremity (including hand, forearm, arm, and shoulder) compartment syndrome at two tertiary care centers were identified. Of those patients, 423 were excluded for a diagnosis other than upper arm ACS or incomplete documentation.

Ten-year National Trends in Patient Characteristics and 30-day Outcomes of Distal Radius Fracture Open Reduction and Internal Fixation.

Introduction: Despite increased utilization, recent temporal trends in patient comorbidities and episode-of-care outcomes for distal radius fracture open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) have not been studied. The objective of this study was to assess 10-year national trends in (1) patient characteristics and comorbidities and (2) 30-day postoperative adverse outcomes for patients who underwent distal radius fracture ORIF using a large patient database.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database by querying the procedural codes for distal radius fracture ORIF from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2020.

Venous Thromboembolism After Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Database Study of 31,918 Cases.

Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), is a rare but serious complication of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Owing to limited evidence, Clinical Practice Guideline recommendations for VTE chemoprophylaxis after TSA rely heavily on the risk stratification of individual patients. The objectives of this study were to identify the prevalence and risk factors independently associated with VTE, PE, and DVT in the 30-day postoperative period after TSA.

Diversity and Inclusion in Orthopaedic Surgery from Medical School to Practice: AOA Critical Issues.

Orthopaedic surgery has historically been one of the least diverse fields in medicine in the U.S. Despite having been declared a critical issue by the American Orthopaedic Association, a lack of diversity and inclusion across all metrics remains a persistent problem.

A Framework and Blueprint for Building Capacity in Global Orthopaedic Surgical Outreach.

Background: Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) from high-income countries provide surgical outreach for patients in low and middle-income countries (LMICs); however, these efforts lack a coordinated measurement of their ability to build capacity. While the World Health Organization and others recommend outreach trips that aim to build the capacity of the local health-care system, no guidance exists on how to accomplish this. The objective of this paper is to establish a framework and a blueprint to guide the operations of NGOs that provide outreach to build orthopaedic surgical capacity in LMICs.

Utility of Routine Pathologic Examination for Fasciectomy for Dupuytren Contracture.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the routine pathologic examination of surgical specimens obtained during fasciectomy for Dupuytren contracture.

Methods: A total of 376 consecutive patients who underwent surgical limited fasciectomy with the excised tissue sent for histopathologic evaluation were identified. Patients were excluded for miscoded procedures, cases where no tissue was sent for pathologic review, and excisions of nodules only.

The Development and Validation of Data Elements and Process Steps for an Electronic Health Record for Hand Surgery Outreach Trips.

 The surgical burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as reported by the number of surgical cases per capita is great. To improve global health and help address this burden, there has been a rise in surgical outreach to LMICs. In high-income countries, an electronic health record (EHR) is used to document and communicate data critical to the quality of care and patient safety.

A scintillator attenuation spectrometer for intense gamma-rays.

A new type of compact high-resolution high-sensitivity gamma-ray spectrometer for short-pulse intense gamma-rays (250 keV to 50 MeV) has been developed by combining the principles of scintillators and attenuation spectrometers. The first prototype of this scintillator attenuation spectrometer (SAS) was tested successfully in Trident laser experiments at LANL. Later versions have been used extensively in the Texas Petawatt laser experiments in Austin, TX, and more recently in OMEGA-EP laser experiments at LLE, Rochester, NY.