Suboptimal child healthcare practices and the development of multiple infectious diseases in children aged 24-59 months.

Background: Infections continue to be a major cause of death among children under the age of five worldwide. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with the development of multiple infectious diseases in children aged 24-59 months in Indonesia.

Methods: Data from the 2018 Basic Health Research conducted by the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, were used.

Determinants of early neonatal mortality: secondary analysis of the 2012 and 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey.

Background: Most neonatal deaths occur during the first week of life (i.e., early neonatal deaths).

Micronutrients and Nutrition Status of School-Aged Children in Indonesia.

Micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) in school-aged children are still a major health problem in Indonesia. This study was designed to examine the status of micronutrients and their relationship to the nutritional status of children aged 5-12 years since an up-to-date database on the micronutrient status of children aged 5-12 years is needed. Data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) were used in this study, with 2456 subjects for analysis.

Beyond the Plate: Uncovering Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Intake across Indonesian Districts.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for the deaths of 41 million individuals every year, with 77% of them occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Among the main NCD risk factors, inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) was one of the leading causes of death in 2019. Our study aims to identify disparities in inadequate FV intake among adults in 514 districts.

Growing Up Unequal: Disparities of Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Indonesia's 514 Districts.

Background: Childhood obesity is a major public health concern as it increases the risk of premature death and adult disability. Globally, the latest estimates showed that more than 340 million children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 19 were overweight or obese in 2016. This study aimed to investigate the disparities in childhood overweight and obesity across 514 districts in Indonesia, based on geographic and socioeconomic factors.

Does the Disparity Patterning Differ between Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Hypertension among Adults? Evidence from Indonesia.

Background: Healthcare systems in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are not yet designed to tackle the high and increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including hypertension. As a result, a large proportion of people with disease or risk factors are undiagnosed. Policymakers need to understand the disparity better to act.

Chronic kidney disease in Indonesia: evidence from a national health survey.

Objectives: Several previous studies have stated that consuming certain foods and beverages might increase the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to examine the relationships of food and beverage consumption with other risk factors for CKD.

Methods: Data sources included the 2018 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) and the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas), which were analyzed using a cross-sectional design.

District-Level Inequalities in Hypertension among Adults in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis by Sex and Age Group.

Background: An estimated 1.28 billion adults 30-79 years old had hypertension globally in 2021, of which two-thirds lived in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Previous studies on geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in hypertension among adults have limitations: (a) most studies used individual-level data, while evidence from locality-level data is also crucial for policymaking; (b) studies from LMICs are limited.

Disparities in Obesity Rates among Adults: Analysis of 514 Districts in Indonesia.

Background: Globally, it was estimated that over 650 million adults 18 years old and older were obese in 2016. It is an increasing global health challenge with a significant health and economic impact. Thus, understanding geographic and socioeconomic disparities in obesity among adults is crucial.

Urban-rural distinction of potential determinants for prediabetes in Indonesian population aged ≥15 years: a cross-sectional analysis of Indonesian Basic Health Research 2018 among normoglycemic and prediabetic individuals.

Background: Based on Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) conducted by Ministry of Health, Indonesia, prediabetes prevalence tends to increase from 2007 until 2018. The numbers are relatively higher in rural than those in urban area despite of small discrepancies between the two (~ 2-4%). The purpose of this study was to identify urban-rural differences in potential determinants for prediabetes in Indonesia.

The influence of pregnancy classes on the use of maternal health services in Indonesia.

Background: Indonesia has developed the pregnancy class program for mothers in an effort to reduce the high maternal mortality rate. This study aims to understand the influence of pregnancy classes on mothers' use of maternal and neonatal health services, which are known to improve pregnancy and delivery outcomes.

Methods: This study used data on members of households in communities in Indonesia, based on the 2016 National Health Indicators Survey (Sirkesnas), which covered 34 provinces and 264 districts/cities.