Single-incision drilling technique to achieve hemiepiphysiodesis of the distal metacarpus - complications and outcome in 207 foals with metacarpophalangeal varus deformities.

Objective: To report the outcome of foals treated for metacarpophalangeal varus deformity with a single-incision drilling technique for hemiepiphysiodesis of the distal lateral metacarpal physis.

Study Design: Retrospective case-control cohort study.

Animals: Thoroughbred foals (n = 207), 171 age- and sex-matched maternal siblings.

Arthroscopic removal of osteochondral fragments located within the condylar fossa of the third metacarpus/metatarsus in Thoroughbred yearlings.

Objective: To describe an arthroscopic technique for the removal of osteochondral fragments located within the condylar fossa of the third metacarpal/tarsal bone.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Animals: Thoroughbred yearlings (n = 11).

Survival and racing performance after surgical treatment of rib fractures in foals.

Objective: To evaluate the short and long-term outcomes of foals treated surgically for fractured ribs and variables that may affect outcome.

Study Design: Retrospective.

Animals: Seventy-three equine neonates with surgically repaired fractured ribs.

Hand-assisted laparoscopic cystotomy for cystic calculus removal in male horses (3 cases).

A technique for hand-assisted laparoscopic removal of cystic calculi in male horses is described. Three cystic calculi ranging from 5 to 10 cm in diameter were removed successfully using bilateral para-inguinal laparoscopic portals assisted by a human hand within the abdomen, effectively sealing the midline incision. Long-term follow-up information obtained from referring veterinarians and owners indicated that the patients returned to their previous activity level and had no recurrence of clinical signs in the following 6 to 12 months.

Macrophage Activation in the Synovium of Healthy and Osteoarthritic Equine Joints.

Synovitis is a major component of osteoarthritis and is driven primarily by macrophages. Synovial macrophages are crucial for joint homeostasis (M2-like phenotype), but induce inflammation (M1-like) when regulatory functions become overwhelmed. Macrophage phenotypes in synovium from osteoarthritic and healthy joints are poorly characterized; however, comparative knowledge of their phenotypes during health and disease is paramount for developing targeted treatments.

Radiographic Description of a Bone Exostosis Lesion on the Caudal Aspect of the Proximal Tibia in Three Thoroughbred Yearlings (2014-2019).

This manuscript describes exostosis lesions originating from the caudal aspect of the proximal tibia identified in three Thoroughbred yearlings as part of the routine review of presale radiographic images. These lesions are hypothesized to be osteochondromas. The identification of bony exostoses on the proximal tibia has not been reported before in current literature.

Single-incision percutaneous drilling technique to achieve hemiepiphysiodesis of the distal metacarpus in foals with metacarpophalangeal varus deformities.

Objective: To describe a drilling technique for hemiepiphysiodesis of the distal lateral metacarpal physis and report the outcome of treated foals.

Study Design: Retrospective case series.

Sample Population: Eleven thoroughbred foals.

Description of a rare osteochondrosis lesion of the medial aspect of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia in seven Thoroughbred horses (2008-2018).

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT) is commonly identified on either the lateral to medial (LM) or dorso45°medial-plantarolateral oblique (D45M-PLO) projection of the tarsus. This manuscript describes a retrospective case series out of Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, for which medical records and radiographic projections of the tarsus were reviewed, consistent with Keeneland's repository requirements. This original investigation identified seven yearling Thoroughbred horses between 2008 and 2018 with radiographic signs of atypical osteochondrosis lesions within the tarsus.

Ceratohyoidectomy in standing sedated horses.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility and complications associated with ceratohyoidectomy (CHE) in standing sedated horses unaffected (experimental horses) and standing sedated horses affected (clinical cases) with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO).

Study Design: Case series.

Animals: Six experimental horses and four clinical cases.

Cecal entrapment within the epiploic foramen in a mare.

An 11-year-old Thoroughbred mare with colic unresponsive to medical treatment underwent exploratory laparotomy. During surgery the cecum was found entrapped within the epiploic foramen from left to right. The entrapped cecum was reduced through the foramen by gentle traction.

Internal fixation of fractured ribs in neonatal foals with nylon cable tie using a modified technique.

Nylon cable tie has been shown to be an effective and economical method for fixing fractured ribs in the neonatal foal. This article describes a modification of the previously described technique. Under general anesthesia, the fractured ribs were exposed and a hole was drilled in the dorsal and ventral fragments.

Standing placement of transphyseal screw in the distal radius in 8 Thoroughbred yearlings.

This retrospective study describes placement of distal radial transphyseal screws in Thoroughbred yearlings with carpal varus deformities while standing, and identifes short- and long-term complications following the procedure. Data gathered from 2009 to 2013 identified 8 yearlings that met the inclusion criteria. Horses were sedated intravenously and a single 4.

Endoscopic, transoral, reduction of epiglottic entrapment via wire snare technique.

Objective: To describe the use of a wire snare technique for epiglottic entrapment.

Study Design: Case series.

Animals: Eight adult horses.

Ultrasound assisted arthroscopic approach for removal of basilar sesamoid fragments of the proximal sesamoid bones in horses.

Objective: To describe an ultrasound assisted arthroscopic approach for removal of non-articular basilar sesamoid fragments in Thoroughbred yearlings.

Animals: Thoroughbred yearlings (n = 7).

Methods: Basilar sesamoid fragments identified during pre-sale radiographic examination were removed using a palmar/plantar arthroscopic approach to the fetlock joint and ultrasonographic guidance.

Osteomyelitis of the patella in eight foals.

Objective: To describe the characteristics of osteomyelitis lesions of the patella and to report short- and long-term outcome after treatment in 8 foals.

Study Design: Retrospective case series.

Animals: Foals (n = 8).

Diaphragmatic herniation in the horse: 31 cases from 2001-2006.

Diaphragmatic rent and visceral herniation in the horse is seldom diagnosed, but historically carries a poor prognosis. The objective of this study was to document the presentation and surgical management of all diaphragmatic rents as presented to 2 referral institutions over a 5-year period. A review of 31 cases demonstrated that even with advances in surgical management of abdominal and thoracic conditions, little has been done to change the prognosis for this condition.

Standing hand-assisted laparoscopic ovariectomy in 65 mares.

Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of unilateral ovariectomy by use of a standing hand-assisted laparoscopic approach and evaluate the effect of ovary size on posttransection hemorrhage after application of a linear stapling device.

Study Design: Case series.

Animals: Horses (n=65) aged 2-20 years.

Hand-assisted laparoscopic removal of a nephroblastoma in a horse.

A 3-year-old Thoroughbred was presented for evaluation of hematuria post exercise. On physical examination, an enlarged kidney was identified, as well as serum biochemical abnormalities such as an elevated creatine kinase (CK) and hypoalbuminemia. The kidney was removed laparoscopically and a nephroblastoma was identified.

Comparison of surgical and medical treatment of 49 postpartum mares with presumptive or confirmed uterine tears.

Objective: To determine outcome after medical or surgical treatment of postpartum mares with confirmed or presumptive uterine tears.

Study Design: Case series.

Methods: Postpartum mares were included if foaling had occurred within 7 days and uterine tear was confirmed surgically or, in medically treated mares, by palpation or presumed based on peritonitis.

Surgical technique to repair grade IV rectal tears in post-parturient mares.

Objective: To describe a surgical technique for repair of grade IV rectal tears after parturition in mares and to report outcome.

Study Design: Clinical report.

Animals: Horses (n=6) with grade IV rectal tears.

Racing prognosis of horses following surgically repaired olecranon fractures.

Olecranon fracture is a common orthopedic problem in juvenile horses. Prognosis for complete fracture healing when various methods of internal fixation are used is good; however, the impact of olecranon fracture stabilization on the likelihood that foals will start on a racecourse is unknown. Medical records of foals undergoing internal fixation for an olecranon fracture were reviewed.

A lag-screw technique for bridging of the medial aspect of the distal tibial physis in horses.

A lag-screw technique for transphyseal bridging of the medial aspect of the distal tibial physis in foals with tarsal valgus deformities and results of the technique in 11 foals (6 with bilateral tarsal valgus deformities and 5 with unilateral tarsal valgus deformities) are described. Briefly, horses were anesthetized, and a single stab incision was made through the skin to the underlying bone over the most distal aspect of the medial malleolus. A 20-gauge needle was placed in the incision to guide screw placement, and a lag screw was inserted parallel to the medial cortex of the tibia under radiographic guidance.

Use of a hand-assisted laparoscopic technique for removal of a uterine leiomyoma in a standing mare.

A 20-year-old Thoroughbred mare was evaluated because of a 2-year history of infertility. The mare had normal estrous cycles and had been bred 7 times by different stallions. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a homogeneous hyperechoic intramural mass in the tip of the right uterine horn; the mass was also detected via hysteroscopy Unilateral ovariectomy and partial hysterectomy were performed by use of a hand-assisted laparoscopic technique.

Hand-assisted laparoscopic left nephrectomy in standing horses.

Objective: To describe a hand-assisted, laparoscopic technique to remove the left kidney in standing horses.

Study Design: Prospective evaluation.

Animals: Eight horses.