Assessing the impact of antiviral drugs commonly utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic on the embryonic development of Xenopus laevis.

The antiviral drugs favipiravir and oseltamivir are widely used to treat viral infections, including coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), and their levels are expected to increase in the aquatic environment. In this study, the potential toxic and teratogenic effects of these drugs were evaluated using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus (FETAX). In addition, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase, carboxylesterase (CaE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activities and malondialdehyde levels were measured as biochemical markers in embryos and tadpoles for comparative assessment of the sublethal effects of the test compounds.

Toxicity of commercial and pure forms of three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in embryos before and after ozonation.

In this study, the toxic and teratogenic effects of three commercial drugs and their active ingredients on embryos before and after ozonation were evaluated using the Frog Embryos Teratogenesis Assay- (FETAX). First, the median lethal concentration (LC) and, if data were available, the median effective concentration, teratogenic index and minimum growth inhibitory concentration were determined for each drug substance without ozonation. Then, the active substance amounts of three selected nominal concentrations (LC/2, LC, and LC×2) of each test substance before ozonation were measured by HPLC analysis and the toxicity of these substances was evaluated after 2, 3, 4, and 5 h of ozonation.

Biochemical Studies to Understand Teratogenicity and Lethality Outcomes in Modified-FETAX.

The frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX) is a standardized test used to assess the toxic and teratogenic effects of xenobiotics. With this test, toxic and/or teratogenic concentrations of xenobiotic substances can be determined using morphological parameters such as lethality, length, and malformations in stage 8-11 Xenopus laevis embryos after 96 h exposure. These parameters enable the determination of the median lethal and effective concentrations (LC and EC), minimum concentration to inhibit growth (MCIG), and teratogenic index of the tested chemical to reveal the short-term effects of relatively high concentrations.

Comparison of ZnO doped different phases TiO nanoparticles in terms of toxicity using zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Titanium dioxide is used in many commercial and industrial areas such as paint, paper, cosmetics, textiles, and surface coating. The reasons for its use in such a wide area are its anti-corrosion and high stability. Although TiO is considered to be a low-toxicity material, research has been further expanded following the recognition of the possible carcinogenic effects of TiO in humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

Developmental, toxicological effects and recovery patterns in Xenopus laevis after exposure to penconazole-based fungicide during the metamorphosis process.

Fungicides are a group of chemicals causing pollution of freshwater ecosystems due to their widespread use in agriculture. However, their endocrine disrupting effects are less studied than herbicides and insecticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the developmental and toxicological effects and recovery patterns of penconazole-based fungicide (PBF) during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis.

Developmental and lethal effects of glyphosate and a glyphosate-based product on Xenopus laevis embryos and tadpoles.

Effects of pure glyphosate and a glyphosate-based product were evaluated comparatively using two embryonic development stages of Xenopus laevis as model system. When pure glyphosate was applied in pH adjusted media, lethal or developmental effects were not observed at concentrations up to 500 mg L. The 96 h LC values for the commercial herbicide, in contrast, were 32.

Photocatalytic degradation of azo dye using core@shell nano-TiO particles to reduce toxicity.

Clean and safe water is fundamental for human and environmental health. Traditional remediation of textile dye-polluted water with chemical, physical, and biological processes has many disadvantages. Due to this, nano-engineered materials are drawing more attention to this area.