Practical contouring guidelines with an MR-based atlas of brainstem structures involved in radiation-induced nausea and vomiting.

Background And Purpose: The objective of this project was to define consensus guidelines for delineating brainstem substructures (dorsal vagal complex, including the area postrema) involved in radiation-induced nausea and vomiting (RINV). The three parts of the brainstem are rarely delineated, so this study was also an opportunity to find a consensus on this subject.

Materials And Methods: The dorsal vagal complex (DVC) was identified on autopsy sections and endoscopic descriptions.

A practical guide for the identification of major sulcogyral structures of the human cortex.

The precise sulcogyral localization of cortical lesions is mandatory to improve communication between practitioners and to predict and prevent post-operative deficits. This process, which assumes a good knowledge of the cortex anatomy and a systematic analysis of images, is, nevertheless, sometimes neglected in the neurological and neurosurgical training. This didactic paper proposes a brief overview of the sulcogyral anatomy, using conventional MR-slices, and also reconstructions of the cortical surface after a more or less extended inflation process.

Relationship between hippocampal atrophy and neuropathology markers: a 7T MRI validation study of the EADC-ADNI Harmonized Hippocampal Segmentation Protocol.

Objective: The pathologic validation of European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Center Harmonized Hippocampal Segmentation Protocol (HarP).

Methods: Temporal lobes of nine Alzheimer's disease (AD) and seven cognitively normal subjects were scanned post-mortem at 7 Tesla. Hippocampal volumes were obtained with HarP.

The EADC-ADNI Harmonized Protocol for manual hippocampal segmentation on magnetic resonance: evidence of validity.

Background: An international Delphi panel has defined a harmonized protocol (HarP) for the manual segmentation of the hippocampus on MR. The aim of this study is to study the concurrent validity of the HarP toward local protocols, and its major sources of variance.

Methods: Fourteen tracers segmented 10 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cases scanned at 1.

Delphi definition of the EADC-ADNI Harmonized Protocol for hippocampal segmentation on magnetic resonance.

Background: This study aimed to have international experts converge on a harmonized definition of whole hippocampus boundaries and segmentation procedures, to define standard operating procedures for magnetic resonance (MR)-based manual hippocampal segmentation.

Methods: The panel received a questionnaire regarding whole hippocampus boundaries and segmentation procedures. Quantitative information was supplied to allow evidence-based answers.

Branching patterns for arterioles and venules of the human cerebral cortex.

Branching patterns of microvascular networks influence vascular resistance and allow control of peripheral flow distribution. The aim of this paper was to analyze these branching patterns in human cerebral cortex. Digital three-dimensional images of the microvascular network were obtained from thick sections of India ink-injected human brain by confocal laser microscopy covering a large zone of secondary cortex.

Scaling laws for branching vessels of human cerebral cortex.

Objective: Vascular architecture, particularly of cerebral microvessels, has profound implications for both health and disease in a variety of areas, such as neuroimaging, angiogenesis and development, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular tumors. We analyzed the architecture of tree-like vessels of the human cerebral cortex.

Methods: Digital three-dimensional images of the microvascular network were obtained from thick sections of India ink-injected human brain by confocal laser microscopy covering a large zone of secondary cortex.

The circumventricular organs: an atlas of comparative anatomy and vascularization.

The circumventricular organs are small sized structures lining the cavity of the third ventricle (neurohypophysis, vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, subfornical organ, pineal gland and subcommissural organ) and of the fourth ventricle (area postrema). Their particular location in relation to the ventricular cavities is to be noted: the subfornical organ, the subcommissural organ and the area postrema are situated at the confluence between ventricles while the neurohypophysis, the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis and the pineal gland line ventricular recesses. The main object of this work is to study the specific characteristics of the vascular architecture of these organs: their capillaries have a wall devoid of blood-brain barrier, as opposed to central capillaries.

The human pineal gland: relationships with surrounding structures and blood supply.

After a short overview of the history of our knowledge of the pineal gland, its anatomy and its function, this work is primarily devoted to the relationships of the pineal gland to the nerve structures which delineate the pineal region. The complex surrounding blood vessels located in the quadrigeminal cistern are described with a special focus on the numerous venous trunks. Finally, the pineal blood supply is studied in three steps: (1) The arterial supply obtained through several groups of pineal arteries stemming mainly from the medial posterior choroidal arteries; (2) The venous drainage by the lateral pineal veins flowing, in most cases, into the cerebral vein of Galen; (3) The intrapineal vascular architecture with specific features concerning the central part of the gland highly vascularized by large sinusoid capillaries and its peripheral part poorly vascularized by small and fine blood vessels.

[Vascularization of the cerebral cortex].

Three levels are described for the study of cortical blood vessels: the main leptomeningeal arteries and veins, the fine pial network and the intracortical vessels. If the main leptomeningeal arteries and veins are well known, the functional anatomy of the fine cortical blood supply is still obscure. Pial arteries and veins form a dense superficial network.

Arterial territories of the human brain: cerebral hemispheres.

The development of neuroimaging has allowed clinicians to improve clinicoanatomic correlations in patients with stroke. Anatomic structures are well delineated on MRI, but there is a lack of standardization in their arterial supply. As in our previous study depicting the arterial supply of the brainstem and cerebellum, we present a system of 12 axial sections of the hemispheres depicting the dominant arterial territories, the most important anatomic structures, and Brodmann's areas.

Arterial territories of human brain: brainstem and cerebellum.

The development of neuroimaging has allowed clinicians to improve clinicoanatomic correlations in patients with strokes. Brainstem and cerebellum structures are well delineated on MRI, but there is a lack of standardization in their arterial supply. We present a system of 12 brainstem and cerebellum axial sections, depicting the dominant arterial territories and the most important anatomic structures.

Clinical and immunological follow-up of patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma treated with an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody.

Ten AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (four in stage II A, four in stage III A, one in stage III B and one in stage IV of the disease) were treated for 14 days with B-E8, an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody (IgG1), at a daily dose of 10 mg. No side-effects were observed, but no patients experienced a complete or partial response. No modification was noted in the analysis of lymphocyte subsets, except for a transient decline in the number of cells expressing CD56, accompanied by altered NK activity in four of the seven evaluable patients.

Distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone binding sites: autoradiographic study in infant and adult human hippocampal formation.

The rostrocaudal distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) binding sites was studied in the human hippocampus. Cryostat sections of the right and left hippocampi from 6 infants (2 h to 5 months of age) and 11 adults (24 to 92 years) were subjected to in vitro quantitative autoradiography using [3H]MeTRH as a ligand. A single class of high affinity [3H]MeTRH binding sites with an apparent dissociation constant in the nanomolar range has been shown both in the infant and the adult.

Anatomical study of the temporal lobe. Correlations with nuclear magnetic resonance.

Following a brief review of embryogenesis and phylogenesis, the different anatomical structures of the temporal lobe of the brain are described. This lobe has 4 surfaces: lateral, inferomedial, superomedial and superior. The first 2 surfaces, visible on the lateral and inferior aspects of the cerebral hemisphere, are composed of 5 temporal gyri.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain stem. Anatomico-radiological correlations.

Magnetic resonance imaging of 30 normal volonteers' posterior fossae was performed on a CGR Magniscan machine with a magnetic field strength of 0.5 Tesla. We chose the inversion recovery signal with a Tr of 2,000 ms, a TE of 21 ms and an inverse time of 500 ms.

The vascularization of the human cerebellar cortex.

The blood vessels of the cerebellar cortex were studied by two methods of injection: india-ink and low viscosity resin (Mercox). The study is divided into two parts: (a) Pial vessels; few in number at the cerebellar surface, the pial vessels are quite dense, forming vascular laminae, within the sulci. Pial vessels do not frequently anastomose.

[Vessels of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of the human brain].

This study is divided in two parts: a. the cerebral cortical vessels: pial arteries and veins at the gyrus surface are described as well as their anastomoses. Intracortical arteries and veins are divided into 5 groups according to their degree of cortical penetration.

Cortical blood vessels of the human brain.

The study is divided into two parts. (a) Superficial or pial vessels: Arterioles and venules at the gyrus surface as well as their mode of penetration into or emergence from nervous tissue is described. The absence of pial capillaries is noted.