Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia Mesh Repair: Effect on Testicular Blood Flow and Sperm Autoimmunity.

BACKGROUND The aim of our study was to determine an influence of incarcerated inguinal hernia mesh repair on testicular circulation and to investigate consequent sperm autoimmunity as a possible reason for infertility. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective study was performed over a 3-year period, and 50 male patients were included; 25 of these patients underwent elective open mesh hernia repair (Group I). Group II consisted of 25 patients who had surgery for incarcerated inguinal hernia.

A stereotypic "elbowing" movement, a possible new primitive reflex in newborns.

The primitive reflexes are brainstem-mediated and play various roles in the child's psychomotor development. The objective of the current study is to describe a new pattern of primitive reflex, noticed in 52 of 81 randomly chosen newborns and young infants during pressing of the subcostal region. Some of them reacted by three-phase stereotypic movement as follows: phase 1: quick adduction of upper arm with flexion of the forearm, with elbow directed toward the site of stimuli, touching the stimulated area; phase 2: abduction and retroflexion of upper arm with the movement of removing the stimulus with the elbow; phase 3: extension and pronation of the forearm.