[Uni-axial tissular extension for covering skin defects of the limbs. A 31 cases review].

Introduction: The skin property to adapt to external constraints is widely used in plastic surgery. Tissue expansion is the most known and codified application. Tissue extension appears to be an attractive alternative.

[Facial injuries treated in the Grenoble University Hospital. Epidemiological analysis of 961 patients managed in one year].

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the types of facial injuries treated in a one-year in a maxillo-facial unit operating in a mountainous region.

Methods: All patients admitted to the Grenoble University Hospital maxillo-facial unit for a one year period were studied. We noted cause of trauma, age, sex, type and location of fracture, type of soft tissue injury, time between trauma and surgery.

Submandibular gland endoscopic resection: a cadaveric study.

Recent advancement of head and neck surgery has been marked by the development of endoscopic and video-assisted minimally invasive surgery. This study reports the feasibility of endoscopic submandibular gland resection in human cadavers. Twelve submandibular gland resections were performed in six human cadavers.

[Dacryo-cysto-rhinostomy via an external approach].

The dacryo-cysto-rhinostomy via the external approach is indicated for obstruction of the lacrymal duct. It consists in the creation of short-circuit between the lacrymal sac and the external nasal wall. The operation stages starts by paracanthal incision, the subperiosteal dissection stops anteriorly to the posterior insertion of the medial canthal ligament (to preserve lacrymal function).

[Coverage an irradiated wound of the lower lumbar area with a latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous free flap by lengthening the vascular pedicle with interpositional vein grafts].

Reconstruction of radionecrosis of the lower lumbar area is a challenging problem because of the difficulty of mobilization of the irradiated local tissues, absence of a reliable locoregional procedures and prolongation of the receiving vessels of the free flaps. The ideal treatment is a wide excision of the irradiated tissues and an immediate reconstruction in one step, which is better to be done by using a musculocutaneous flap. The latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap is ideal for this indication.

[Principles of treatment of total unilateral cleft lip and palate. Suggested protocol].

Complete uni-lateral cleft palates resulting from failed union between internal and external nasal buds cause an imbalance of both superficial and deep nasal structures. After summarizing the principles that should guide the care of these anomalies, the authors present their therapeutic procedure, in which orthopaedic and surgical treatments are intimately associated. They conclude their presentation by emphasizing the difficulty of predicting the definitive result because of the extreme diversity of the sequellae that always accompany the treatment of cleft palates.

[The bony deficit in cleft lip and palate: review of procedures. Experience with the tibial periosteal graft].

Surgeons have long been preoccupied with continuity of the bone in the repair of cleft lips and palates. It is no longer necessary to demonstrate the deleterious effect of employing osteoplasty in a first stage procedure; very few practitioners still rely upon it. On the other hand, a great number of authors now advocate a bone graft as a secondary operation, although they have not been able as yet to reach a consensus on its timing, nor upon exactly what its objectives should be.

Microsurgical lip replantation: evaluation of functional and aesthetic results of three cases.

Lip amputations are rare, and microsurgical replantation must be systematically tried to restore form and function in one step. The authors present a series of three cases. Revascularization of the amputated segment was obtained by arterial anastomosis with the corresponding labial coronary artery.

[Labial aging. Composition and therapeutic principles].

Labial ageing process combining relaxation, distension and ptosis is aggravated by underlying structure modification: dental and bony. If the inferior lip moves back and collapses, the superior lip will go down and widen. The authors analyse the different ageing process components (intrinsic and extrinsic) as well as therapeutic principles.

[Labial balance].

The labial balance appreciated by statics and movement is the guarantee of morphology, bilabial competence and symmetry in function (ou bien in movement?). The restoration of the lips aims for this balance, the basic axiom is "to repair the lip by the lip". Three main technical forms meet these requirements: forward movement, rotation and transposition.

[Labial commissures. Reconstructive procedures and indications].

The commisures are the two extremities of the mouth. They make a big complex in their architecture and their function. Their repairing should have an important attention to their final shape and function.

[Full thickness defects of the lips. Reconstructive techniques and indications].

The full-thickness tissue loss of the lip leads to the loss of lip continuity. The classic principle is to repair a lip with a lip, giving the best results. Although the size of tissue lost can force to use local flaps, these could be naso-labio-jugal, labio-mental or submental.

[Red lip defects. Reconstructive techniques and indications].

The attractive color of the red lip must be the object of very meticulous reconstruction in their form and pigmentation. This can be done only by using the buccal mucosa. The graf is less indicated.

[Morphologic disequilibrium of the lips].

The aetiologies of the labial desequilibrium are multiple. They respond to the anomalies of the position and the dimension. The authors will enumerate the different variety and their etiology.

[The treatment of prominent ears. A technical note].

We present a technique for ambulatory treatment of prominent ears derived from the Kaye method but which uses some procedures aimed at improving reliability and safety.