Alleviating hypoxia and oxidative stress for treatment of cardiovascular diseases: a biomaterials perspective.

A state of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) persists in the initial and later phases of healing in cardiovascular diseases, which can alter the tissue's repair or regeneration, ultimately affecting the structure and functionality of the related organ. Consequently, this results in a cascade of events, leading to metabolic stress and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy. This unwanted situation not only limits the oxygen supply to the needy tissues but also creates an inflammatory state, limiting the exchange of nutrients and other supplements.

Experimental diabetic animal models to study diabetes and diabetic complications.

Diabetes is an endocrine illness involving numerous physiological systems. To understand the intricated pathophysiology and disease progression in diabetes, small animals are still the most relevant model systems, despite the availability and progression in numerous and research methods in recent years. In general, experimental diabetes is instigated mainly due to the effectiveness of animal models in illuminating disease etiology.