Objective: To evaluate the effects of nalbuphine, butorphanol and morphine combined with acepromazine on intraoperative and early postoperative pain management in dogs anesthetized for ovariohysterectomy.
Study Design: Prospective, randomized blinded clinical study.
Animals: A total of 48 healthy female dogs of different breeds, aged 1-6 years, weighing (mean ± standard deviation) 14.