LXR signaling pathways link cholesterol metabolism with risk for prediabetes and diabetes.

BACKGROUNDPreclinical studies suggest that cholesterol accumulation leads to insulin resistance. We previously reported that alterations in a monocyte cholesterol metabolism transcriptional network (CMTN) - suggestive of cellular cholesterol accumulation - were cross-sectionally associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we sought to determine whether the CMTN alterations independently predict incident prediabetes/T2D risk, and correlate with cellular cholesterol accumulation.

Comprehensive study of the organic-solvent-free CDI-mediated acylation of various nucleophiles by mechanochemistry.

Acylation reactions are ubiquitous in the synthesis of natural products and biologically active compounds. Unfortunately, these reactions often require the use of large quantities of volatile and/or toxic solvents, either for the reaction, purification or isolation of the products. Herein we describe and discuss the possibility of completely eliminating the use of organic solvents for the synthesis, purification and isolation of products resulting from the acylation of amines and other nucleophiles.

Recombinant human thyrotropin stimulates thyroid angiogenesis in vivo.

Background: Endogenous TSH and rhTSH stimulate thyroid growth by a direct effect on thyrocytes. Our hypothesis was that rhTSH may also stimulate thyroid angiogenesis.

Study Design: A normal human thyroid tissue sample was grafted into the epigastric area of 14 nude mice.

Distinct responses of xenografted gliomas to different alkylating agents are related to histology and genetic alterations.

A series of 12 human gliomas was established as xenografts in nude mice and used to evaluate the relationship between histology, genetic parameters, and response to alkylating agents. Eight were high-grade oligodendroglial tumors, and four were glioblastoma. They were characterized for their genetic alterations, including those considered as "early" alterations, namely loss of chromosome 1 +/- loss of chromosome 19q, TP53 mutation, and those considered as "late" alterations, namely loss of chromosome 10, loss of chromosome 9p, EGFR genomic amplification, PTEN mutation, CDKN2A homozygous deletion, and telomerase reactivation.

Correlation between genetic alterations and growth of human malignant glioma xenografted in nude mice.

In order to develop preclinical models of malignant astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, a series of 54 resected gliomas (37 from oligodendroglial lineage and 17 from astrocytic lineage) were xenografted subcutaneously into nude mice. Molecular alterations commonly observed in gliomas subtypes, including LOH 1p and 1q, LOH 19q, LOH 10p and 10q, LOH 9p, TP53 and PTEN mutations, EGFR amplification, CDKN2A homozygous deletion and telomerase reactivation were systematically screened in the original and xenografted tumours. In all, 23 gliomas grew in nude mice.

Efficacy of sulforaphane in eradicating Helicobacter pylori in human gastric xenografts implanted in nude mice.

Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate abundant in the form of its glucosinolate precursor in broccoli sprouts, has shown in vitro activity against Helicobacter pylori. We evaluated the effect of sulforaphane in vivo against this bacterium by using human gastric xenografts in nude mice. H.

[Development of human fetal neuroretina grafted into nude mice].

Purpose: To determine the role of different ocular tissues in the development of the human fetal neuroretina heterotopically implanted in nude mice.

Material And Methods: Fifty eight eyeballs obtained from legally aborted 6- to 7-week-old embryos or 8- to 10-week-old fetuses were heterotopically implanted in nude mice. Over a period of 1-245 days, all the grafts were removed for light and electron microscopy observations.

Ocular tissue interactions during the development of human fetal neuroretina grafted into nude mice.

To determine the roles of different ocular tissues in the development of the human fetal neuroretina, a study ethically and technically impossible in human subjects, human embryonic and fetal retinas were heterotopically implanted into nude mice. Ninety-five eyeballs were obtained from legally aborted 6- to 7-week-old embryos or 8- to 10-week-old fetuses. Ten isolated neuroretinas with vitreous but without pigment epithelium, 20 half-eyeballs and 70 intact eyeballs, of which 12 had a thick layer of periocular tissue, were microsurgically grafted.

Xenografted human whole embryonic and fetal entoblastic organs develop and become functional adult-like micro-organs.

Background And Aims: The aim of this study was to study the morphological and functional development in vivo of whole human embryonic and fetal stomachs, intestines, tracheas, and lungs, which would otherwise be ethically and technically impossible to perform in utero, by microsurgically grafting these organs into nude mice.

Materials And Methods: Five hundred fifty-seven human organs obtained from legally aborted embryos and fetuses of 6-10 weeks were microsurgically grafted into nude mice for 1 to 273 days. Following different grafting times, biopsies were taken for optical and electron microscopy, in situ hybridization, and cellular kinetics studies.

Morphologic and functional development of whole human fetal stomachs grafted into nude mice.

To study in vivo the cellular differentiation and secretion of human developing fetal stomach, ethically and technically impossible to perform in utero, 256 fetal stomachs were xenografted. Human stomachs from 6- to 10-week-old fetuses were grafted for 1-273 days into nude mice. Biopsies for immunohistochemistry, hybridization and electron microscopy were taken and a catheter introduced into the human stomach.

Increased expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor is a pejorative prognosis marker in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent stimulator of endothelial cell proliferation. It has been implicated in tumor growth of human thyroid carcinomas. Using the VEGF immunohistochemistry staining score, we correlated the level of VEGF expression with the metastatic spread of 19 cases of thyroid papillary carcinoma.

In vivo potentiation of radiation response by topotecan in human rhabdomyosarcoma xenografted into nude mice.

The lack of new highly efficacious drugs for cancer treatment promotes the search for innovative therapeutic modalities. The authors reported the results leading to the definition of parameters needed to demonstrate a possible radiopotentiation by topotecan (TPT) on two representative human rhabdomyosarcomas (RMSs) xenografted into nude mice. Experimental studies of radiopotentiation with different doses of topotecan showed that concomitant association of topotecan and RT for 5 consecutive days provided a synergistic therapeutic effect.

Analysis of tissue chimerism in nude mouse brain and abdominal xenograft models of human glioblastoma multiforme: what does it tell us about the models and about glioblastoma biology and therapy?

In situ hybridization coupled to immunohistochemistry for antigens of interest allows unequivocal identification of tumor cells from reactive stroma cells and normal adjacent structures in human glioblastoma multiforme grafts transplanted into nude mice. With this methodology, we have explored the development of glioblastoma multiforme solid grafts transplanted into nude mouse brains or flanks. The brain transplants closely resembled the human situation, particularly in relation to differentiation and growth patterns.

Acid secretion and response to pentagastrin or omeprazole in human fetal stomach xenografts.

Background: The dual capacity of stomach tissue to secrete acid and to respond to secretagogues is indicative of the terminal stages of gastric functional maturation. In this study 6- to 10-week-old human fetal stomachs xenografted into nude mice were used to study parietal cells' functional maturation.

Methods: Thirty-four transplants were microsurgically grafted either inside a pouch created on the nude peritoneum (n = 15) or on the host stomach and esophagus (n = 19).

[Fragmentation of hydrogel episcleral implants: a series of 4 cases].

A histopathologic study was performed on 4 capsule specimens obtained after surgical removal of hydrogel episcleral implant previously sutured to the scleral surface aiming to reattach the retina. Fragments of hydrogel were found on the inner surface of the capsular fragments, each of them parts of the capsule, which coated the hydrogel implant on the scleral surface. Some fragments were surrounded with a foreign body giant cell granulomatous reaction.

[Histological changes related to scleral buckling for treatment of retinal detachment].

Treatment of retinal detachment frequently uses biocompatible materials to obtain scleral buckling. These materials are not devoid of consequences on surrounding tissues. In 3 eyes enucleated for failure of surgical treatment using scleral buckling materials, the changes prompted by episcleral implants could be observed.

Gastric penetration of amoxicillin in a human Helicobacter pylori-infected xenograft model.

The delivery of antibiotics into Helicobacter pylori-infected human stomachs is still poorly understood. Human embryonic gastric xenografts in nude mice have recently been proposed as a new model for the study of H. pylori infection.

Assimilation of [57Co]-labeled cobalamin in human fetal gastrointestinal xenografts into nude mice.

Cobalamin (Cbl) and its Cbl-binding proteins are present in amniotic fluid. Because amniotic fluid is swallowed by the embryo-fetus, we studied the ability of Cbl to be transported and metabolized across the embryo-fetal digestive tract. Human embryonic stomachs and intestines were transplanted into nude mice.

Vascular endothelial growth factor gene and protein: strong expression in thyroiditis and thyroid carcinoma.

Angiogenesis is implicated in several pathological conditions, such as inflammation and tumor growth. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), also known as vascular permeability factor, is a potent stimulator of endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. The present work aimed to compare VEGF expression in human normal thyroid glands, thyroiditis tissue and thyroid carcinomas using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (ISH).

Human embryonic gastric xenografts in nude mice: a new model of Helicobacter pylori infection.

In vitro or animal models have been used to investigate the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. However, extrapolation to humans of results obtained with these heterologous models remains difficult. We have developed a new model for the study of H.

[Isolated invasive sphenoid aspergillosis].

Isolated aspergillosis of the sphenoid sinus is a difficult diagnosis because the often misleading clinical manifestations of this rare disease develop late. We report a case of invasive aspergillosis uniquely involving the sphenoid sinus revealed by clinical features suggesting pseudotumor of the pituitary in an immunocompetent man. A 71-year-old man presented sudden onset palsy of the abductor nerve of the left eye.

Cell and tissue distribution of synthetic oligonucleotides in healthy and tumor-bearing nude mice. An autoradiographic, immunohistological, and direct fluorescence microscopy study.

Antisense oligonucleotides have the ability to inhibit individual gene expression in the potential treatment of cancer and viral diseases. However, the way parenterally administered oligonucleotides distribute themselves into healthy tissues or tumors is poorly understood. In this study, the cell and tissue distribution of two modified or unmodified phosphodiester pentadeca-beta-oligonucleotides intravenously administered to healthy or tumor-bearing nude mice was assessed by autoradiography as well as by direct fluorescence and immunoenzymatic histological methods.

[Comparative study of four commercialized serologic methods for the diagnosis of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection].

Objective: Four commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were evaluated for serological diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in 79 untreated patients.

Methods: Infection has been diagnosed in 40 patients, in whom culture and/or urease test and histopathology from antral biopsies, were positive for H.